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Stigma, Facility Constraints, and Personal Disbelief: Why Women Disengage from HIV Care During and After Pregnancy in Morogoro Region, Tanzania

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Abstract

Millions of children are living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, and the primary mode of these childhood infections is mother-to-child transmission. While existing interventions can virtually eliminate such transmission, in low- and middle-income settings, only 63 % of pregnant women living with HIV accessed medicines necessary to prevent transmission. In Tanzania, HIV prevalence among pregnant women is 3.2 %. Understanding why HIV-positive women disengage from care during and after pregnancy can inform efforts to reduce the impact of HIV on mothers and young children. Informed by the tenets of Grounded Theory, we conducted qualitative interviews with 40 seropositive postpartum women who had disengaged from care to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). Nearly all women described antiretroviral treatment (ART) as ultimately beneficial but effectively inaccessible given concerns related to stigma. Many women also described how their feelings of health and vitality coupled with concerns about side effects underscored a desire to forgo ART until they deemed it immediately necessary. Relatively fewer women described not knowing or forgetting that they needed to continue their treatment regimens. We present a theory of PMTCT disengagement outlining primary and ancillary barriers. This study is among the first to examine disengagement by interviewing women who had actually discontinued care. We urge that a combination of intervention approaches such as mother-to-mother support groups, electronic medical records with same-day tracing, task shifting, and mobile technology be adapted, implemented, and evaluated within the Tanzanian setting.

Resumen

Millones de niños viven con el VIH en el África subsahariana. La principal vía de transmisión de esta infección es materno infantil. Pese a la existencia de intervenciones capaces de eliminar prácticamente por completo la transmisión materno infantil, en países de ingreso mediano bajo, solo 63 % de las mujeres embarazadas que viven con el VIH acceden al tratamiento necesario para prevenir este tipo de transmisión. En Tanzania, la prevalencia de VIH en mujeres embarazadas es de 3.2 %. Entender qué lleva a las mujeres VIH positivas a desvincularse de los servicios de atención médica durante y después del embarazo puede servir para informar las iniciativas que buscan reducir el impacto del VIH en las madres y niños de corta edad. Basados en los principios del Muestreo Teórico (Grounded Theory), hemos realizado entrevistas cualitativas a 40 madres puérperas seropositivas que se habían desvinculado de los servicios de atención médica para prevenir la transmisión materno infantil (PTMI). Casi todas las mujeres describieron la terapia antirretroviral como algo beneficioso, pero inaccesible dado su preocupación por el posible estigma. A su vez, varias mujeres relataron cómo su sentimiento de salud y vitalidad, junto a sus preocupaciones relativas a los efectos secundarios de la terapia, acentuaron el deseo de evitarla hasta que ésta fuese inminentemente necesaria. Relativamente pocas mujeres manifestaron no conocer, o haber olvidado, continuar su régimen de tratamiento. Presentamos una teoría sobre el abandono de la terapia para la PTMI que describe tanto los obstáculos primarios y secundarios. Este estudio es uno de los primeros en describir el abandono del tratamiento antirretroviral a través de entrevistas a mujeres que habían decidido abandonarlo. Exhortamos adaptar, implementar y evaluar en Tanzania el uso de una combinación de intervenciones, como grupos de apoyo entre madres, expedientes médicos electrónicos con posibilidad de seguimiento inmediato, delegación formal de funciones entre los profesionales de la salud y el uso de nuevas tecnologías.

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Acknowledgments

For fieldwork support, we thank the clinicians and home-based care providers working within facilities, our data collection manager (Joy Chebet) and the data collection team (Zeswida Ahmedi, Santiel Mmbaga, and Zaina Sheweji). For their expert review during the drafting of this manuscript, we thank Neal Brandes, Rachel P. Chase, Virginia Fonner, Troy Jacobs, Andrea Ruff, Raz Stevenson, and the 2014 Formative Research course of JHSPH. We also thank colleagues at the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Neema Rusibamayila, Georgina Msemo, Helen Semu and Koheleth Winani); Muhimbili University (Idda Mosha, Rose Mpembeni, Aisha Omary, and David Urassa); Jhpiego (Eva Bazant, Giulia Besana, Dunstan Bishanga, Chelsea Cooper, Maryjane Lacoste, Chrisostom Lipingu, and Marya Plotkin); Johns Hopkins (Jennifer Applegate, Abdullah Baqui (PI), Carla Blauvelt, Jennifer Callaghan, Asha George, Shivam Gupta, Amnesty LeFevre, and Diwakar Mohan). For translation of our abstract into Spanish, we thank Maria Cecilia Barreix. For editorial support and reference verification, we thank Ping Teresa Yeh.

Funding

This research was funded by USAID through the Health Research Challenge for Impact (HRCI) Cooperative Agreement (#GHS-A-00-09-00004-00). The National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health supported co-author Shannon A. McMahon (Award F31MH095653). The content is the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of USAID, the National Institutes of Health, or the United States Government.

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Correspondence to Shannon A. McMahon.

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This research involved human participants. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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McMahon, S.A., Kennedy, C.E., Winch, P.J. et al. Stigma, Facility Constraints, and Personal Disbelief: Why Women Disengage from HIV Care During and After Pregnancy in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. AIDS Behav 21, 317–329 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1505-8

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