Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Lack of Association between Retrospectively Collected Pharmacy Refill Data and Electronic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Adherence

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Antiretroviral medication refill adherence has not been compared directly to electronic drug monitoring (EDM) in any identifiable published study. We retrospectively studied adults with undetectable HIV titers on highly active antiretroviral therapy. We used Pearson correlation coefficients and receiver operating characteristic curves to relate the two adherence measures, and we used the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to assess the relation between adherence and viral load. In sixty-five subjects, the majority of whom were African American and male with median age of 44 years, pharmacy refill adherence was difficult to collect retrospectively, was not significantly correlated with EDM adherence, and was not significantly related to viral load. Ninety-day supply pharmacy refill adherence correctly classified 95% EDM adherence maximally at 94 days between refills, and the measure was most sensitive for non-adherence at <90 days. Reassessment of the relation between pharmacy refill data and EDM would be warranted when pharmacy refill data is collected as soon as feasible from sources with complete data capture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bangsberg, D. R., Hecht, F. M., Charlebois, E. D., Zolopa, A. R., Holodniy, M., Sheiner, L., et al. (2000). Adherence to protease inhibitors, HIV-1 viral load, and development of drug resistance in an indigent population. AIDS (London, England), 14, 357–366. doi:10.1097/00002030-200003100-00008.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bangsberg, D., Hecht, F., Clague, H., Charlebois, E. D., Ciccarone, D., Chesney, M., et al. (2001b). Provider assessment of adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 26, 435–442.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bangsberg, D. R., Perry, S., Charlebois, E. D., Clark, R. A., Roberston, M., Zolopa, A. R., et al. (2001a). Non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy predicts progression to AIDS. AIDS (London, England), 11, 1181–1183. doi:10.1097/00002030-200106150-00015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, K. M., & Arnsten, J. H. (2006). Practical and conceptual challenges in measuring antiretroviral adherence. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 43, S79–S87. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000248337.97814.66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS—United States, 1981–2005. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, 589–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesney, M. A. (2006). The elusive gold standard. Future perspectives for HIV adherence assessment and intervention. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 43, S149–S155. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000243112.91293.26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choo, P. W., Rand, C. S., Inui, T. S., Lee, M. L., Cain, E., Cordeiro-Breault, M., et al. (1999). Validation of patient reports, automated pharmacy records, and pill counts with electronic monitoring of adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Medical Care, 37, 846–857. doi:10.1097/00005650-199909000-00002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deyo, R. A., Inui, T. S., & Sullivan, B. (1981). Noncompliance with arthritis drugs: Magnitude, correlates, and clinical implications. The Journal of Rheumatology, 8, 931–936.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diggle, P. J., Liang, K.-Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1994). Analysis of longitudinal data. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia de Olalla, P., Knobel, H., Carmona, A., Guelar, A., Lopez-Colomes, J. L., & Cayla, J. A. (2002). Impact of adherence and highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in HIV-infected patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 30, 105–110. doi:10.1097/00126334-200205010-00014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J., Bennett, I. M., Holmes, W. C., & Gross, R. (2007). Medication beliefs as mediators of the health literacy-antiretroviral adherence relationship in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 385–392. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9164-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R., Bilker, W. B., Friedman, H. M., Coyne, J. C., & Strom, B. L. (2002). Provider inaccuracy in assessing adherence and outcomes with newly initiated antiretroviral therapy. AIDS (London, England), 16, 1835–1837. doi:10.1097/00002030-200209060-00021.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R., Bilker, W. B., Friedman, H. M., & Strom, B. L. (2001). Effect of adherence to newly initiated antiretroviral therapy on plasma viral load. AIDS (London, England), 15, 2109–2117. doi:10.1097/00002030-200111090-00006.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R., Bilker, W. B., Wang, H., & Chapman, J. (2008). How long is the window of opportunity between adherence failure and virologic failure on efavirenz-based HAART? HIV Clinical Trials, 9, 202–206. doi:10.1310/hct0903-202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R., Yip, B., Re, V. L., Wood, E., Alexander, C. S., Harrigan, P. R., et al. (2006). A simple, dynamic measure of antiretroviral therapy predicts failure to maintain HIV-1 suppression. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 194, 1108–1114. doi:10.1086/507680.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R., Zhang, Y., & Grossberg, R. (2005). Medication refill logistics and refill adherence in HIV. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 14, 789–793. doi:10.1002/pds.1109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossberg, R., Zhang, Y., & Gross, R. (2004). A time-to-prescription-refill measure of antiretroviral adherence predicted changes in viral load in HIV. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 57, 1107–1110. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.04.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley, J. A., & McNeil, B. J. (1982). The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology, 143, 29–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W. C., Bilker, W. B., Wang, H., Chapman, J., & Gross, R. (2007). HIV/AIDS-specific quality of life and adherence to antiretroviral therapy over time. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 46, 323–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S. C., Amaral, C. M., Stearns, H., White, D., Flanagan, J., Pope, H., et al. (2007). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy assessed by unannounced pill counts conducted by telephone. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22, 1003–1006. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0171-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Golin, C. E., Miller, L. G., Hays, R. D., Beck, C. K., Sanandaji, S., et al. (2001). A comparison study of multiple measures of adherence to HIV protease inhibitors. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 968–977.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNabb, J. J., Nicolau, D. P., Stoner, J. A., & Ross, J. (2003). Patterns of adherence to antiretroviral medications: The value of electronic monitoring. AIDS (London, England), 17, 1763–1767. doi:10.1097/00002030-200308150-00005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L., & Hays, R. (2000). Measuring adherence to antiretroviral medications in clinical trials. HIV Clinical Trials, 1, 36–46. doi:10.1310/ENXW-95PB-5NGW-1F40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. G., Liu, H., Hays, R. D., Golin, C. E., Beck, C. K., Asch, S. M., et al. (2002). How well do clinicians estimate patients’ adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17, 1–11. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.09004.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudd, P., Ahmed, S., Zachary, V., Barton, C., & Bonduelle, D. (1990). Improved compliance measures: Applications in an ambulatory hypertensive drug trial. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 48, 676–685.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, A. K., Celentano, D. D., Gange, S. J., Moore, R. D., & Gallant, J. E. (2003). Association between adherence to antiretroviral therapy and human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37, 1112–1118. doi:10.1086/378301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni, J. M., Kurth, A. E., Pearson, C. R., Pantalone, D. W., Merrill, J. O., & Frick, P. A. (2006). Self-report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence: A review with recommendations for HIV research and clinical management. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 227–245. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9078-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, J. F., & Prochazka, A. V. (1997). The assessment of refill compliance using pharmacy records: Methods, validity, and applications. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50, 105–116. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00268-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, J. F., Fihn, S. D., Blair, B., & Inui, T. S. (1991). Appropriate reductions in compliance among well-controlled hypertensive patients. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 44, 1361–1371. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90097-S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E., Hogg, R. S., Yip, B., Harrigan, P. R., O’Shaughnessy, M. V., & Montaner, J. S. (2003). Effect of medication adherence on survival of HIV-infected adults who start highly active antiretroviral therapy when the CD4 + cell count is 0.200 to 0.350 × 10(9) cells/L. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 810–816.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by an NIH Health Research Services Administration grant (TA). The parent study was supported by funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb and K08 MH001584 (RG).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, Suite 203, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA

    Trisha Acri

  2. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Thomas R. TenHave, Jennifer C. Chapman, Hillary R. Bogner & Robert Gross

  3. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Jennifer C. Chapman & Robert Gross

  4. Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Hillary R. Bogner

Authors
  1. Trisha Acri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas R. TenHave
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jennifer C. Chapman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hillary R. Bogner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Robert Gross
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Trisha Acri.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Acri, T., TenHave, T.R., Chapman, J.C. et al. Lack of Association between Retrospectively Collected Pharmacy Refill Data and Electronic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Adherence. AIDS Behav 14, 748–754 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9502-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9502-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation