Abstract
Afforestation of savannah is suggested as an approach to help addressing climate change mitigation through increased carbon (C) storage. Previous studies in Central Cameroon evidenced farmers’ ability to realize afforestation by establishing cocoa-based agroforestry systems (cAFS) on humid savannah. In this forest-savannah transition zone, we studied an 80 years chronosequence of cAFS to assess C dynamics. We selected cAFS established after forest or savannah, and we used local forest and savannah patches as controls. Aboveground carbon (AGC) was highest in the forests (118 Mg C ha−1) and lowest in the savannahs (8 Mg C ha−1). Systems established after forest (F-cAFS) revealed a mean AGC 40% lower than that of forests and did not evolve with time. The AGC of cAFS established after savannah (S-cAFS) increased with time and reached the mean AGC of F-cAFS (72 Mg C ha−1) after ca. 75 years. Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration depended on clay content (R2 = 0.55, P < 0.001). The SOC concentration of F-cAFS did not evolve with time and revealed no difference with forest. In S-cAFS, considering a time of about 80 years after afforestation, the average annual increase in SOC concentration in the 0–15 cm layer ranged from 7.3‰ in soils with low clay content (10–15%) (R2 = 0.60, P < 0.01) to 9.5‰ in soils with higher clay content (20–25%). No significant change in SOC concentration was found for the 15–30 cm layer. Overall, S-cAFS revealed to store and maintain significant levels of C both in the aboveground biomass and in the soil. Such an afforestation thus appeared as a valuable local strategy to combine cocoa and other perennial plant productions with C storage while avoiding deforestation.
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06 February 2018
The published on-line ms “Carbon dynamics of cocoa agroforestry systems in Central Cameroon: afforestation of savannah as a sequestration opportunity.”
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the AFS4FOOD (EuropeAid/130-741/D/ACT/ACP) and SAFSE (CIRAD, IRD) projects as well as by CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development) and IRAD (Institute of Agricultural Research for Development of Cameroon). This research was conducted within the Research and Training Platform “DP Agroforestry Cameroon”. We thank A. Agoume and J.P. Bidias, our field assistants in Bokito, and E. Bouambi, research technician at IRAD.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Number of individuals counted per past land-use in plots (800 m2 and 2400 m2) corresponding to the DBH of the trees
Latin name | S-cAFS; n = 16 | F-cAFS; n = 14 | Forest control n = 5 | Savannah control n = 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Albizia adianthifolia | 3 | 6 | 8 | |
Alchornea cordifolia | 1 | |||
Annona muricata | 1 | |||
Annona senegalensis | 8 | |||
Anthocleista schweinfurthii | 2 | |||
Anthonotha macrophylla | 10 | |||
Blighia sp. | 4 | |||
Bridelia ferruginea | 31 | |||
Bridelia micrantha | 1 | 3 | 6 | |
Canarium schweinfurthii | 5 | 2 | ||
Carapa procera | 4 | 2 | ||
Carica papaya | 4 | 1 | ||
Ceiba pentandra | 13 | 13 | 7 | |
Celtis gomphophylla | 1 | 5 | ||
Celtis mildbraedii | 1 | |||
Chrysophyllum africanum | 1 | 2 | ||
Chytranthus macrobotrys | 1 | |||
Citrus grandis | 2 | |||
Citrus reticulata | 3 | 3 | ||
Citrus sinensis | 13 | 27 | ||
Cleistophalis glauca | 2 | |||
Coelocaryon preussii | 2 | |||
Coffea arabica | 1 | |||
Cola caricifolia | 1 | |||
Cola flavo-velutina | 1 | 1 | ||
Cola lepidota | 3 | |||
Cola millenii | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
Cola nitida | 13 | 21 | ||
Cordia platythyrsa | 3 | 1 | ||
Dacryodes edulis | 44 | 19 | 1 | |
Dacryodes macrophylla | 4 | 1 | ||
Dracaena cerasifera | 3 | |||
Elaeis guineensis | 18 | 7 | 24 | 1 |
Elaeophorbia drupifera | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
Entandrophragma cylindricum | 1 | 4 | ||
Erythrophleum ivorense | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Fernandoa adolfi-friderici | 1 | 4 | ||
Ficus exasperata | 2 | 1 | ||
Ficus mucuso | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ficus sur | 2 | 1 | ||
Ficus vogeliana | 3 | |||
Funtumia elastica | 6 | |||
Guibourtia demeusei | 5 | |||
Guibourtia tessmannii | 14 | 7 | ||
Hevea brasiliensis | 4 | 3 | ||
Indetermined | 18 | 24 | 59 | 25 |
Kigelia africana | 1 | |||
Lophira lanceolata | 3 | |||
Mallotus oppositifolius | 14 | |||
Mangifera indica | 28 | 2 | 2 | |
Microcos sp. | 3 | 13 | ||
Milicia excelsa | 6 | 9 | 7 | |
Millettia macrophylla | 3 | |||
Musa acuminata | 43 | 109 | 4 | |
Musa paradisiaca | 3 | |||
Musanga cecropioides | 1 | |||
Myrianthus arboreus | 4 | |||
Newbouldia laevis | 8 | 6 | 2 | |
Olax subscorpioidea | 20 | |||
Persea americana | 10 | 12 | ||
Phyllanthus discoideus | 1 | 8 | ||
Piptadeniastrum africanum | 1 | 5 | ||
Pseudospondias microcarpa | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Psidium guajava | 2 | 1 | ||
Pterocarpus soyauxii | 1 | |||
Pycnanthus angolensis | 1 | |||
Rauvolfia vomitoria | 2 | |||
Ricinodendron heudelotii | 3 | 5 | 4 | |
Spathodea campanulata | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
Spondias dulcis | 1 | |||
Terminalia glaucescens | 21 | |||
Terminalia ivorensis | 1 | |||
Terminalia superba | 5 | 2 | ||
Tetrapleura tetraptera | 1 | |||
Trichilia rubescens | 14 | 14 | ||
Trilepisium madagascariense | 1 | 5 | 12 | |
Triplochiton scleroxylon | 4 | 8 | ||
Vitex grandifolia | 1 | 3 | ||
Voacanga africana | 1 | 4 |
Appendix 2: Raw data
Nr | Past land-use | Age | AGC—cocoa (Mg/ha) | AGC—associated perennial plants (Mg/ha) | SOC concentration (0–15 cm) | Clay concentration (0–15 cm) | SOC concentration (15–30 cm) | Clay concentration (15–30 cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Forest | 0 | 0.0 | 107.9 | 17.3 | 27.5 | 10.7 | 30.7 |
2 | Forest | 2 | 0.2 | 72.3 | 15.9 | 17.2 | 9.5 | 17.5 |
3 | Forest | 7 | 3.5 | 10.7 | 19.4 | 25.3 | 14.9 | 22.5 |
4 | Forest | 10 | 3.7 | 91.2 | 26.4 | 26.1 | 15.1 | 30.1 |
5 | Forest | 12 | 2.7 | 19.8 | 18.8 | 17.9 | 13.2 | 20.1 |
6 | Forest | 15 | 7.0 | 49.8 | 14.6 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 10.0 |
7 | Forest | 20 | 9.3 | 67.6 | 16.5 | 16.0 | 9.4 | 20.3 |
8 | Forest | 23 | 2.3 | 102.4 | 29.6 | 19.9 | 15.7 | 16.0 |
9 | Forest | 31 | 6.5 | 15.0 | 15.7 | 17.8 | 9.7 | 17.9 |
10 | Forest | 33 | 10.8 | 51.2 | 21.1 | 27.4 | 13.0 | 26.9 |
11 | Forest | 43 | 13.1 | 83.2 | 16.3 | 21.9 | 15.4 | 25.9 |
12 | Forest | 45 | 10.4 | 73.7 | 15.5 | 22.6 | 10.3 | 28.3 |
13 | Forest | 55 | 13.8 | 72.4 | 18.3 | 24.5 | 12.3 | 20.2 |
14 | Forest | 62 | 7.0 | 137.0 | 16.4 | 13.5 | 9.2 | 15.2 |
15 | Forest control | 0 | – | 165.9 | 15.3 | 11.7 | 9.6 | 9.8 |
16 | Forest control | 0 | – | 105.9 | 28.2 | 29.6 | 21.3 | 30.8 |
17 | Forest control | 0 | – | 92.5 | 15.9 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 10.9 |
18 | Forest control | 0 | – | 113.7 | 15.4 | 24.0 | 13.4 | 21.6 |
19 | Forest control | 0 | – | 114.2 | 17.1 | 16.3 | 13.2 | 18.9 |
20 | Savannah | 0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 9.8 | 12.8 | 8.2 | 15.5 |
21 | Savannah | 2 | 0.1 | 14.8 | 9.0 | 13.5 | 8.5 | 13.5 |
22 | Savannah | 7 | 2.6 | 29.4 | 11.0 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 12.1 |
23 | Savannah | 15 | 3.6 | 13.7 | 12.9 | 9.9 | 12.3 | 12.1 |
24 | Savannah | 17 | 7.1 | 16.2 | 13.8 | 10.5 | 11.8 | 12.2 |
25 | Savannah | 26 | 7.3 | 49.7 | 17.8 | 23.5 | 10.3 | 26.0 |
26 | Savannah | 33 | 6.7 | 77.7 | 14.2 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 13.9 |
27 | Savannah | 42 | 6.0 | 22.7 | 20.6 | 22.0 | 18.1 | 22.0 |
28 | Savannah | 45 | 8.6 | 49.7 | 18.3 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 13.9 |
29 | Savannah | 46 | 12.0 | 26.5 | 13.0 | 14.8 | 9.3 | 12.4 |
30 | Savannah | 55 | 6.6 | 21.8 | 16.4 | 12.4 | 13.9 | 14.8 |
31 | Savannah | 61 | 7.7 | 45.8 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 10.3 | 22.3 |
32 | Savannah | 67 | 10.5 | 139.4 | 32.3 | 24.3 | 18.8 | 22.2 |
33 | Savannah | 75 | 12.3 | 73.1 | 15.1 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 10.0 |
34 | Savannah | 80 | 9.8 | 37.0 | 20.8 | 20.5 | 14.6 | 20.1 |
35 | Savannah | 81 | 7.6 | 80.9 | 26.0 | 19.6 | 15.3 | 24.1 |
36 | Savannah control | 0 | – | 6.4 | 14.7 | 33.9 | 12.5 | 32.8 |
37 | Savannah control | 0 | – | 3.5 | 13.8 | 36.2 | 13.8 | 36.2 |
38 | Savannah control | 0 | – | 4.7 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 11.8 |
39 | Savannah control | 0 | – | – | 12.2 | 14.8 | 11.0 | 23.6 |
40 | Savannah control | 0 | – | 19.2 | 10.6 | 14.6 | 9.2 | 17.8 |
41 | Savannah control | 0 | – | 7.3 | 10.2 | 13.6 | 11.3 | 25.0 |
42 | Savannah control averagea | 0 | – | – | 11.3 | 13.6 | 10.2 | 19.6 |
43 | Savannah control averagea | 0 | – | – | 14.3 | 35.1 | 13.2 | 34.5 |
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Nijmeijer, A., Lauri, PÉ., Harmand, JM. et al. Carbon dynamics in cocoa agroforestry systems in Central Cameroon: afforestation of savannah as a sequestration opportunity. Agroforest Syst 93, 851–868 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0182-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0182-6