Introduction

Formation of the vascular network is tightly controlled by a variety of growth factors and their appropriate receptors. Thus, receptor tyrosine kinases which are expressed on endothelial cells (ECs) have been shown to be crucial for embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis (for review see [1]). While VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) receptors activated by VEGF mainly contribute to very early steps of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis including differentiation of EC precursors and formation of a primitive vascular network, two other receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, namely the angiopoietin/TIE-2 (tyrosine kinase with Ig like loops and EGF like repeats 2) and ephrinB2/EphB4 respectively, contribute to later steps of vascular development like vessel branching and vessel maturation and the recruitment of EC associated pericytes/smooth muscle cells.

The Eph receptors (receptor cloned from erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma) are the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases and are activated by their cell surface bound ligands of the equally large ephrin family (Eph receptor interacting protein). Both, receptors and ligands are divided into an A- and B-class; nine EphA receptors bind to five A-ligands and five EphB receptors bind to three ephrinB ligands. Like for other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), receptor signaling is initiated by oligomerization and tyrosine-phosphorylation of the receptor. Unlike other ligand/RTK pairs, also ephrin ligands can transmit signals upon receptor engagement, a phenomenon which is called bi-directional signaling. EphrinB-ligands, which possess a transmembrane and cytoplasmatic domain, get tyrosine-phosphorylated upon receptor binding which induces ephrin reverse signaling in addition to the receptor forward signaling (for review see [2]). Although quite promiscuous interactions between EphRs and their ligands the ephrins have been observed, ephrinB2 is the only known ligand for EphB4. EphB4 and ephrinB2 were the first genes discovered to be differentially expressed in arterial and venous endothelium and genetic ablation of either EphB4 or ephrinB2 are embryonic lethal due to impaired vascular remodeling and arrest of endothelial differentiation [3, 4].

Over-expression of EphB4 has been reported for several tumor types including breast, colon, bladder, endometrium and ovary [5–10]. The role of EphB4 in cancer is not fully elucidated. On the one side, EphB4 expressed on tumor cells can interact with ephrinB2 of the endothelium and thereby promotes tumor angiogenesis and growth [11], on the other hand EphB4 has been described to either promote or suppress tumor growth, depending on the tumor type and tumor model which has been looked at [5, 12–15]. The paradoxes of EphB4 signaling in cancer has been recently discussed [16].

Despite this, EphB4 and ephrinB2 signaling has been proven to be involved in sites of adult angiogenesis by the use of soluble EphB4 [17, 18]. In addition, monoclonal inhibitory antibodies and peptides, blocking EphB4-ephrinB2 interaction have been developed to study the role of EphB4/ephbrinB2 signaling [19–21]. Further tools which have been developed in the context of EphB4/ephrinB2 signaling include engineered mouse models [3, 4, 22, 23], soluble receptors [5, 17, 24] and peptides blocking ligand receptor interaction [19, 20].

Small molecule inhibitors of the EphB4 kinase have been described recently by others with different degree of specificity against other kinases [25–28]. So far, no efficacy data from in vivo studies for these compounds have been reported. In our studies we noticed, that soluble EphB4 receptor inhibits angiogenesis in a VEGF driven in vivo model, which has been used to characterize small molecule inhibitors of the VEGFR2 kinase [29]. Therefore, we tested whether the selective inhibitor of the EphB4 kinase NVP-BHG712 would mimic the effect of soluble EphB4 in this VEGF driven angiogenesis model. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that a selective small molecule kinase inhibitor of the EphB4 kinase is sufficient to inhibit VEGF driven angiogenesis in vivo.

Methods

Synthesis of NVP-BHG712

Synthesis of NVP-BHG712 was performed in the laboratories of Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research and has been described in the patent application WO2007/062805 [30].

In vitro kinase assays

All in vitro kinase assays were performed with recombinant purified kinases either purchased from external vendors or produced in house. To estimate kinase activity both, TR-FRET-based LanthaScreen™ and Caliper mobility shift were used. The assays have been described previously [31, 32].

In brief, the LanthaScreen™ assay technology is based on the discrimination between the unphosphorylated substrate and the phosphorylated product by a phospho-specific antibody, binding only to the phosphorylated version of the substrate. Both, antibody and substrate, carry fluorescent labels and the close proximity of the labels in the formed complex allows the measurement of a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) signal. Reading of the FRET signal in a time-dependent/time-gated manner further improves the assay performance by reducing background fluorescence [33]. For dose–response measurements NVP-BHG712 was pre-diluted in 90% DMSO and 50 nL of compound solutions were dispensed directly into the empty assay plate using a HummingBird nanodispenser (Zinsser Analytic). The kinase reactions were started by addition of 4.5 μL ATP solution (4 μM ATP, 20 mM Tris/HCL, 1 mM DTT, 0.03% Tween20, 0.01 mM Na3VO4) and 4.5 μL enzyme/substrate mix (100 nM fluorescein poly-GAT; Invitrogen), 0.5% bovine serum albumin, 20 mM Tris/HCL, 1 mM DTT, 0.03% Tween20, 0.01 mM Na3VO4). Further components of the enzyme/substrate mix were the enzymes as well as MgCl2/MnCl2 which were adjusted specifically to the requirements of the individual enzyme. After incubation for 60 min at r.t. the kinase reactions were stopped by addition of 4.5 μL stop solution (50 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.04% NP-40, 20 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.4) followed by 4.5 μL of detection mix (1.72 μg/mL Tb-PY20 antibody; Invitrogen), 1% bovine serum albumin, 20 mM Tris/HCl, 1 mM DTT, 0.03% Tween20, 0.01 mM Na3VO4). After incubation for 45 min at r.t. plates were analyzed in a BMG PHERAstar plate reader (BMG Labtech).

In the Caliper mobility shift assays kinase reactions were analyzed by microfluidic capillary electrophoresis. The transfer of phosphate from ATP to a short peptide by a kinase causes a change in the net-charge of the peptide by −2. The charge difference between the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated entities of the peptide can be separated in an electrical field. Using peptides attached with a fluorescent label allows detection and quantification of both forms and hence the calculation of the reaction turnover. For dose–response measurements NVP-BHG712 was pre-diluted in 90% DMSO and 50 nL aliquots of solution were dispensed directly into the empty assay plate using a HummingBird nanodispenser (Zinsser Analytic). The kinase reactions were started by addition of 4.5 μL substrate mix consisting of ATP and peptide substrate in assay buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.02% bovine serum albumin, 1 mM DTT, 0.02% Tween20, 0.01 mM Na3VO4, 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate) and 4.5 μL enzyme solution in assay buffer. The peptide concentration was 2 μM in the assays. Concentrations for the enzyme, as well as for MgCl2 and MnCl2 were adjusted specifically to the requirements of the individual enzyme. ATP concentrations were adjusted to the K M values of the specific enzyme. After incubation for 60 min at 30°C the kinase reactions were stopped by addition of 16 μL stop solution (100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 5% DMSO, 0.1% coating reagent (Caliper Lifescience) 10 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.015% BRIJ35). Stopped kinase reactions were analyzed in a LC3000 reader (Caliper Lifescience).

Autophosphorylation of transient expressed Eph receptors

Human cDNAs encoding the full length human EphA2, EphA3, EphB2, EphB3 and EphB4 sequence were cloned into pCDNA3.1 expression plasmids (Invitrogen). A C-terminal V5-tag (Invitrogen) was introduced into the cDNA of EphA1, A2, B2 and B3, the cDNA of EphB4 was C-terminal fused with a myc-epitope. For expression of the different EphRs Hek293 human embryonic kidney epithelial cells (ATTC No CRL-157) were transiently transfected using FuGENE 6 transfection reagent (Roche) following the protocol provided by the vendor. Autophosphorylation of EphRs receptors was either initiated by the addition of soluble ephrinA1-Fc (1 μg/ml, R&D Systems; EphA2, EphA3) or by the addition of a mixture of soluble ephrinB1-Fc and soluble ephrinB2-Fc (1 μg/ml each, R&D Systems; EphB2, EphB3, EphB4), respectively. EphR proteins were immunoprecipated using either anti-V5-epitope or anti-myc-epitope antibodies and analyzed by western using the mab 4G10 anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody.

Cell based phospho-RTK-ELISA

Activity of cellular receptor tyrosine kinase activity was assessed by different capture ELISAs. The assays for VEGFR2, IGF1R and InsR have been described elsewhere [29, 31].

For the EphB4 cell based ELISA a stable clone of transfected A375 cells has been generated which over-express human full length EphB4. Cells were seeded in 96 well plates for 24 h, starved over night in medium lacking FCS but containing 0.1% BSA and stimulated with soluble ephrinB2-Fc (1 μg/ml/R&D Systems) for 20 min to enhance EphB4 autophosphorylation. Cells were lysed in RIPA buffer and captured on Nunc MaxiSorb plates which had been coated with soluble ephrinB2-Fc (100 ng/well). Detection of phosphorylated EphB4 was done by the use of mab PY20 (anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody) coupled to alkaline phosphatase (ZYMED, Cat Nr 03-7722) diluted 1:5000. After washing (3× with PBS) bound PY20 was quantified by the addition of 0.1 ml substrate buffer and measuring the OD at 405 nm after about 30 min until yellow color appeared.

Pharmacokinetic analysis

Quantification of NVP-BHG712 in plasma and tissue was performed using HPLC/UV. At the allotted times, mice (4 at each time) were anesthetized by exposure to approximately 3% v/v isofluorane in medical oxygen and, after sampling, killed without recovering from anesthetic. Blood samples were drawn from the vena cava into heparinized Eppendorf tubes (30 IU/mL) and the plasma prepared from the blood by centrifugation (10,000 × g, 5 min.) The tissues were excised weighed and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Plasma and tissue samples were stored frozen at −70°C until analysis. Frozen tissues were minced, then homogenized in an equal volume of ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Sigma P4417) using a Polytron homogenizer (TP18-10, IKA, Staufen, Germany) keeping the material cold during the homogenization. Proteins in plasma or tissue were precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of acetonitrile. After 20–30 min at room temperature the protein precipitate was removed by centrifugation (10,000 g, 5 min.). The supernatant was analyzed immediately by reversed phase HPLC/UV.

Studies concerning pharmacokinetic analysis described in this report were performed according to animal experimentation license no. 1766, approved by the Basel Stadt Authorities.

Analysis of phosphorylated EphB4 receptor in lung tissue

For per oral administration to mice the research formulation 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG300) was used. The free bases were formulated by first dissolving the substances in NMP and then diluting with PEG300 to a final concentration of 10% v/v NMP and 90% v/v PEG300, producing clear solutions of the compounds. The final concentration was 5 mg/mL to deliver 50 mg/kg. Administration volume was 10 mL/kg body weight.

Isolated lungs were immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at −80°C until further analysis. To immuno-precipitate EphB4 from lung tissue, one ml of ice cold lysis buffer was added to one frozen lung lobe and tissue was with a polytron homogenizer for 20 s. The homogenate was kept on ice for 1 h to ensure cell lysis and cellular debris were removed by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 15 min. Supernatants were mixed with an equal volume of 2 mM vanadate in PBS and filtered through a low protein binding glass fiber filter. To remove proteins which unspecifically bind to protein A or protein G, 0.05 ml of protein A/G bead slurry (PIERCE) was added and lysates were incubated for 1–2 h on a rotating wheel. Next beads were removed by centrifugation (3 min at 5000 rpm) and supernatants were transferred to fresh tubes. Protein content was estimated using the BCA protein assay kit (PIERCE) following the instructions of the supplier. For immuno-precipitation of EphB4 0.5 mg of lung protein was used. 0.5 μg of the corresponding antibody (goat anti-mouse EphB4 antibody; R&D) was added and incubated on a rotating wheel for 2 h or over night. Next 10 μl of protein A/G beads were added and incubated for another hour on a rotating wheel. Protein A/G beads were span down and washed twice with ice cold PBS supplemented with 0.5 mM vanadate. PBS was carefully removed. 25 μl of SDS sample buffer was added, the samples were heated for 3 min at 95°C and proteins were separated on 7.5% SDS–PAGE.

In vivo growth factor-induced angiogenesis model

VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in vivo was induced in a growth factor implant model in mice as described previously [29, 34, 35]. In this model VEGF is delivered from an agar chamber which is implanted sub-cutaniously. VEGF increases dose dependently the amount of newly formed tissue around the chamber. In previous studies we have shown that the amount of adherent, vascularized tissue growing around the chambers and the amount of blood vessels in this newly formed tissue assessed by either hemoglobin (converted to equivalents of blood), and Tie-2 content (number of endothelial cells and therefore vessel density) is blocked by antibodies that specifically neutralize VEGF or by VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Studies concerning the VEGF driven angiogenesis model described in this report were performed according to animal experimentation license no. 1325, approved by the Basel Stadt Authorities.

Results

Kinase inhibitor profile of NVP-BHG712

Design of NVP-BHG712 was supported by molecular modeling of the kinase domain of EphB4 and further optimized using structure-activity-relationship data based on inhibition of EphB4 autophosphorylation in a cellular assay. For this a capture ELISA has been developed utilizing stable transfected A375 melanoma cells overexpressing human full length EphB4 receptor fused to a myc-epitope at the C-terminal end of the protein. A375 melanoma cells were chosen, because endogenous levels of EphB4 are nearly undetectable and expression of either soluble EphB4 or full length EphB4 did not interfere with cell growth in previous experiments [17]. Selectivity of NVP-BHG712 was demonstrated in a panel of more than 40 biochemical in vitro kinase assays as well as three other cell based ELISA assays for RTK autophosphorylation (Fig. 1). In the biochemical assay panel, only c-raf, c-src and c-abl were identified as potential off-targets. In the cell based ELISA assays for phosphorylated RTKs, marginal inhibition of VEGFR2 was observed (ED50 = 4200 nM) while ED50 for EphB4 inhibition in this format was estimated be 25 nM, demonstrating that NVP-BHG712 clearly discriminates between VEGFR and EphB4 inhibition.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Structure and selectivity profile of NVP-BHG712. NVP-BHG712 has been optimized as a specific inhibitor of the EphB4 kinase in cell based assays measuring different receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) as described in the material and method chapter. The compound has been further profiled in various biochemical kinase assays as indicated

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NVP-BHG712 is highly potent in EphR autophosphorylation cell based assays

To demonstrate the inhibitory activity of NVP-BHG712 in cell based assay, we also transiently transfected different EphRs in Hek293 cells. For analysis of EphR autophosphorylation we immuno-precipitated the different receptor proteins and analyzed tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptors with generic anti-phospho-tyrosine antibodies. Basal levels of EphR autophosphorylation was observed for all the EphRs which have been transfected, but was further enhanced by the addition of the appropriate ligand (Fig. 2). Addition of NVP-BHG712 dose dependently inhibited autophosphorylation of the EphRs, showing some preference for EphB4 followed by inhibition of EphB2, EphA2, EphB3 and EphA3. Half maximal inhibition of EphB4 autophosphorylation was in the low nanomolar range and confirmed data obtained by the ELISA using stable transfected A375 (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 2
figure 2

NVP-BHG712 inhibits multiple Eph receptor kinases in cell based assays. Different EphR full length cDNAs have been transiently expressed in Hek293 cells. EphR autophosphorylation has been initiated by stimulating cells for 30 min with either 1 μg/ml ephrinA1-Fc (EphA2, EphA3) or a combination of 1 μg/ml ephrinB1-Fc and 1 μg/ml ephrinB2-Fc. NVPBHG712 was added 1 h prior cell stimulation and autophosphorylation was monitored by immuno-precipitation of EphR protein followed by western analysis using anti-phospho-tyrosine antibodies

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NVP-BHG712 has excellent pharmacokinetic properties and inhibits EphB4 autophosphorylation in lung tissue

To explore the use of NVP-BHG712 in animal studies we performed pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies in mouse lung tissue. Oral administration of NVP-BHG712 showed a long lasting exposure of parent compound in plasma as well as in different tissues (Fig. 3b). Concentrations around 10 μM were observed in lung and liver tissue for up to 8 h upon administration of 50 mg/kg of NVP-BHG712, exceeding far the IC50 for EphB4 inhibition. EphB4 is expressed in many tissues including lung and liver and co-expression of EphB4 and ephrinB2 has been observed in lung tissue on RNA as well as on protein levels (data not shown). Thus it is not surprising to detect autophosphorylated EphB4 receptors in lung tissue (Fig. 3a), although a physiological role for EphB4/ephrinB2 signaling in lung tissue has not be described so far. As expected, NVP-BHG712 inhibited EphB4 autophosphorylation in lung tissue. Parallel analysis of phospho-levels of EphB4 and tissue concentration of NVP-BHG712 in the lung revealed that approximately 1 nmol/g (equivalent to 1 μM) was sufficient to have a pronounced inhibitory effect on EphB4 phosphorylation (Fig. 3a). From these analyses we concluded that a once daily oral dosing of 50 mg/kg NVP-BHG712 results in a long lasting inhibition of EphB4 kinase activity in mice.

Fig. 3
figure 3

NVP-BHG712 inhibits endogenous EphB4 autophosphorylation in lung tissue of mice and has micromolar exposure in plasma and tissues. NVP-BHG712 has been dosed orally in mice (50 mg/kg). Mice have been sacrificed at time points after oral compound administration as indicated. a To monitor NVP-BHG712 concentration and EphB4 autophosphorylation in lung tissue, one lung lobe were lysed for western analysis and the other lung lobe was used for pharmacokinetic analysis. EphB4 protein was immuno-precipitated from lung tissue lysates and analyzed by western using anti-phospho-tyrosine antibodies. Membranes were stripped and reprobed with a specific anti-EphB4 antibody to ensure equal protein loading. Corresponding NVP-BHG712 concentrations are indicated below each lane. b NVP-BHG712 concentrations in plasma (filled circle), lung tissue (filled square) and liver tissue (open circle) were analyzed by HPLC–UV as described in the material and method chapter

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Inhibition of EphB4 forward signaling inhibits VEGF driven angiogenesis

The role of EphB4/ephrinB2 signaling in angiogenesis of the developing embryo as well as in tumor growth has been demonstrated by many groups [4, 11, 17, 36]. Soluble EphB4 receptor protein has been used in a variety of studies to inhibit EphB4/ephrinB2 signaling [17, 18, 24]. Recombinant soluble EphB4 protein potentially has different effects on EphB4/ephrinB2 signaling depending on whether it is expressed as a fusion protein with the Fc-part of IgG1 or not. Fc-fused soluble receptors are generally used to facilitate protein purification and to enhance protein stability in plasma when applied in vivo. In addition, Fc-fusion proteins form stable dimers due to disulfide bonding of the Fc part of the molecule. Thus, soluble EphB4-Fc should prevent ephrinB2 from binding to the native receptors and thereby inhibit EphB4 activation, but it still might force ephrinB2 protein to dimerize and potentially elicit some agonistic effects on ephrinB2 reverse signaling.

In order to study the role of EphB4 forward signaling in angiogenesis we applied soluble EphB4-Fc as well NVP-BHG712 in an in vivo model of VEGF driven angiogenesis, which we had used before to profile other kinase inhibitors [29, 35]. In this model, VEGF is released from a Teflon chamber filled with agar mixed with VEGF. Within 4 days newly formed tissue is observed adherent to the chamber. The amount of tissue (measured as tissue weight) as well as the vascular density within this newly formed tissue (as measured by either hemoglobin or Tie2-levels, a marker of endothelial cells) is dose dependently increased by VEGF (Fig. 4). Furthermore, tissue formation and vascularisation around the Teflon chamber is significantly inhibited by administration of either inhibitory antibodies against VEGF or specific kinase inhibitors of the VEGFR [29]. Addition of soluble EphB4-Fc together with VEGF significantly inhibited tissue formation as well as tissue vascularisation (Fig. 4). Since sEphB4-Fc is an antagonist of EphB4 forward signaling but might still act agonistic on ephrinB2 reverse signaling, we speculated, that inhibition of EphB4 forward signaling is sufficient to block VEGF driven angiogenesis. This assumption was confirmed by the use of NVP-BHG712. NVP-BHG712 inhibited dose dependently VEGF stimulated tissue formation and vascularization in this model. Already at doses of daily 3 mg/kg p.o administration we observed significant inhibition, and daily administration of 10 mg/kg/kg p.o. was sufficient to reverse VEGF enhanced tissue formation and vessel growth (Fig. 5). From our previous pharmacokinetic studies we can conclude, that tissue as well as plasma levels of NVP-BHG712 do not exceed 1 μM under these conditions and thus are far to low to have any inhibitory effects on VEGFR2 (see Fig. 1). The congruent results by either inhibiting EphB4 forward signaling using soluble EphB4-Fc as well as the inhibitory effects of NVP-BHG712 further strengthen the finding that EphB4 receptor forward signaling indeed participates in VEGF driven angiogenesis.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Soluble EphB4-Fc protein inhibits VEGF driven tissue growth and angiogenesis. Porous Teflon chambers were either filled with 0.5 ml of 0.8% (w/v) buffered agar (white bars), or 0.5 ml of 0.8% agar containing 2 μg recombinant purified VEGF (black bars), or 0.5% agar containing a mixture of 2 μg recombinant purified VEGF and 20 μg recombinant purified sEphB4-Fc (grey bars). Chambers were implanted sub-cutaneously in the flank of FVB mice. The responses to VEGF and VEGF in combination with sEphB4-Fc were analyzed 4 days after implantation by measuring tissue weight (a), blood content (b) and Tie-2 levels (c). Typical chamber explants of buffer and VEGF controls after 4 days are shown (d). Values are mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, statistical significance of inhibition, Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test (n = 6 per group per experiment)

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Fig. 5
figure 5

NVP-BHG712 inhibits VEGF driven tissue growth and angiogenesis. Porous Teflon chambers were either filled with 0.5 ml of 0.8% (w/v) buffered agar (white bars), or 0.5 ml of 0.8% agar containing 2 μg recombinant purified VEGF (black bars). Mice carrying chambers containing VEGF were treated orally once daily with NVP-BGH712 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg/day p.o.; grey bars). The responses to VEGF and VEGF together with daily oral dosing of NVP-BHG712 were analyzed 4 days after implantation by measuring tissue weight (a), blood content (b) and Tie-2 levels (c). Values are mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, statistical significance of inhibition, Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test (n = 6 per group per experiment)

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Discussion

NVP-BHG712 was synthesized based on rational design and further optimization led to a potent and selective inhibitor of the EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinase, as demonstrated in cell based assays. In a panel of more than 40 in vitro kinase assays, NVP-BHG712 showed excellent selectivity. Only c-raf, c-src and c-abl showed moderate inhibition as judged from our biochemical assays. In cell based assays ED50 for inhibition of EphB4 autophosphorylation was found to be 25 nM and thereby be roughly 200 fold more potent on EphB4 than on VEGFR2. Inhibitors of the EphB4 kinase have been described also by others [25–28] but for none of them modulation of EphB4 activity in vivo has been reported. Although there exist several reports demonstrating the involvement of EphB4/ephrinB2 signaling in vessel growth and tumor angiogenesis, evidence is lacking, that a small molecule inhibitor of the EphB4 kinase is sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis. Most of the tools which have been applied in previous studies do not allow discrimination of inhibition of EphB4 forward versus ephrinB2 reverse signaling. Furthermore, targeted deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of ephrinB2 in mice as well as conditional knock out of ephrinB2 suggested an involvement of ephrin reverse signaling in embryonic vessel development [22, 37]. Here we describe for the first time that a small molecule inhibitor of the EphB4 kinase inhibits VEGF driven angiogenesis in vivo. From our cell based assays and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis we can rule out that inhibition of VEGFR kinase contributes to the observed in vivo effects of NVP-BHG712. Nevertheless, although NVP-BHG712 shows selectivity against many kinases, it can not discriminate among different Eph receptor kinases. Complicating matters, EphB4 is not the only Eph receptor expressed in the endothelium and adjacent pericytes. EphrinA1 as well as ephrinB1 and EphA2, EphB2, EphB3 have been reported to be expressed either on the endothelium or adjacent pericytes (for review see [38–40]). Targeted deletion of EphA2, soluble EphA2 receptors, as well as double transgenic mice lacking EphB2 and EphB3 result in inhibition or defective angiogenesis [38, 41–43]. Thus we can not rule out, that inhibition of other Eph receptor kinases contribute to inhibition of VEGF driven angiogenesis. However, our data presented here strongly suggest a close cross talk between EphR and VEGFR signaling, and that both signaling pathways are needed for a coordinated vessel formation. In endothelial cells, activation of EphR signaling inhibits VEGF and Angiopoietin induced MAPK activation, presumably due to activation of the RasGap protein by activated EphRs [44].While this manuscript was in preparation two independent studies demonstrated that ephrinB2 regulates internalization and signaling of VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 and VEGF induced embryonic angiogenesis [45, 46]. These studies demonstrated the involvement of ephrinB2 in filapodia formation of the endothelial tip cell in sprouting vessels which was dependent on the presence of the c-terminal PDZ domain of ephrinB2 [45]. Since we have used sEphB4-Fc as a tool we can not completely rule out that activation of ephrinB2 contributes to the observed phenotype. Since NVP-BHG712 pheno-copied the effects of sEphB4-Fc in our model we assume that inhibition of EphB4 forward signaling is the predominant cause of inhibition of angiogenesis at least in the model described here. In summary our data demonstrate for the first time, that specific inhibitors of EphR kinases are effective inhibitors of VEGF driven angiogenesis in vivo and thereby open a new potential avenue to block angiogenesis in diseases such as cancer or inflammatory diseases.