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Recent Developments in Prosthesis Sensors, Texture Recognition, and Sensory Stimulation for Upper Limb Prostheses

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Abstract

Current developments being made in upper limb prostheses are focused on replacing lost sensory information to the amputees. Providing sensory stimulation from the prosthesis can directly improve control over the prosthetic and provide a sense of body ownership. The focus of this review article is on recent developments while including foundational knowledge for some of the critical concepts in neural prostheses. Reported concepts follow the flow of information from sensors to signal processing, with emphasis on texture recognition, and then to sensory stimulation strategies that reestablish the lost sensory feedback loop. Prosthetic sensors are used to detect the physical environment, converting pressure, force, and position into electrical signals. The electrical signals can then be processed in an effort to identify the surrounding environment using distinctive characteristics such as stiffness and texture. In order for the amputee to use this information in a natural manner, there must be real-time sensory stimulation, perception, and motor control of the prosthesis. Although truly complete sensory replacement has not yet been realized, some basic percepts can be partially restored, allowing progress towards a more realistic prosthesis with natural sensations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Robert Wright, MLS for his guidance and expertise with database searching in order to find relevant publications. We additionally recognize the contributions of Brice Lapin, Jack Wright, and Yiyuan Zhang in the preliminary literature search and data collection. Select illustrations for this article were created with Biorender.com following an academic licensing agreement.

Author contribution

AA, AM, SS, HK, and KD contributed to the conception and design. AM, SS, HK, and KD performed literature search, data analysis and drafted the manuscript. XL provided critical revision of the work. AA supervised and reviewed this work.

Funding

This study did not receive any external funding. This article was in part supported by the Start-Up Tier 1 grant # 21.4531.162640 (PI: A. ALL) and by the Faculty Seed Fund # 31.4531.179234 (PI: A. ALL) from Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong.

Conflict of interest

All authors declare no conflict of interest and have nothing to disclose.

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Author notes

  1. Andrew Masteller, Sriramana Sankar, Han Biehn Kim, Keqin Ding contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Andrew Masteller, Sriramana Sankar, Han Biehn Kim & Keqin Ding

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Building 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiaogang Liu

  3. The N. 1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiaogang Liu

  4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, # 844, RRS Building, Ho Sin Hang Campus, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

    Angelo H. All

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Masteller, A., Sankar, S., Kim, H.B. et al. Recent Developments in Prosthesis Sensors, Texture Recognition, and Sensory Stimulation for Upper Limb Prostheses. Ann Biomed Eng 49, 57–74 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02678-8

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