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Acoustic Microscopy Analyses to Determine Good vs. Failed Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa Under Normal or Thermally Stressed Culture Conditions

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Abstract

This study uses scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) ultrasonic profilometry to determine acceptable vs. failed tissue engineered oral mucosa. Specifically, ex vivo-produced oral mucosal equivalents (EVPOMEs) under normal or thermally stressed culture conditions were scanned with the SAM operator blinded to the culture conditions. As seeded cells proliferate, they fill in and smooth out the surface irregularities; they then stratify and produce a keratinized protective upper layer. Some of these transformations could alter backscatter of ultrasonic signals and in the case of the thermally stressed cells, produce backscatter similar to an unseeded device. If non-invasive ultrasonic monitoring could be developed, then tissue cultivation could be adjusted to measure biological variations in the stratified surface. To create an EVPOME device, oral mucosa keratinocytes were seeded onto acellular cadaveric dermis. Two sets of EVPOMEs were cultured: one at physiological temperature 37 °C and the other at 43 °C. The specimens were imaged with SAM consisting of a single-element transducer: 61 MHz center frequency, 32 MHz bandwidth, 1.52 f#. Profilometry for the stressed and unseeded specimens showed higher surface irregularities compared to unstressed specimens. Elevated thermal stress retards cellular differentiation, increasing root mean square values; these results show that SAM can potentially monitor cell/tissue development.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Regenerative Sciences Training Grant Number 5T90DK070071 and NIH Grant Numbers R21EY018727, R01 DE13417, and NIH center core (P30) Grant, EY007003. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. We gratefully acknowledge the NIH Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology at the University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA) for designing and building the high-frequency transducer used in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Lurie BME Bldg., No. 2122, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Frank Winterroth, J. Brian Fowlkes, Stephen E. Feinberg, Scott J. Hollister & Kyle W. Hollman

  2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Shiuhyang Kuo & Stephen E. Feinberg

  3. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    J. Brian Fowlkes

  4. School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Junho Lee

  5. Sound Sight Research, Livonia, MI, USA

    Kyle W. Hollman

Authors
  1. Frank Winterroth
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  2. Junho Lee
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  3. Shiuhyang Kuo
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  4. J. Brian Fowlkes
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  5. Stephen E. Feinberg
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  6. Scott J. Hollister
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  7. Kyle W. Hollman
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Correspondence to Frank Winterroth.

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Associate Editor Stefan Jockenhoevel oversaw the review of this article.

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Winterroth, F., Lee, J., Kuo, S. et al. Acoustic Microscopy Analyses to Determine Good vs. Failed Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa Under Normal or Thermally Stressed Culture Conditions. Ann Biomed Eng 39, 44–52 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-010-0176-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-010-0176-2

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