Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were seeded on sub-mm sized collagen cylinders containing embedded umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (UVSMC). These cylindrical “modules” are intended to be used as a vascularized construct, in which HUVEC lined channels are created by the random packing of the modules in situ or within a larger container. Embedding UVSMC cultured in medium containing 10% FBS had an adverse effect on subsequently seeded HUVEC junction morphology; HUVEC/UVSMC co-culturing was done in HUVEC medium (2% FBS with the addition of 0.03 mg/mL endothelial cell growth supplement) as compared to HUVEC seeded on collagen-only modules. In contrast, embedding UVSMC cultured in serum-free medium prior to embedding improved EC junction morphology. Such serum-free culturing, also prevented the UVSMC induced contraction of the collagen modules. On the other hand, embedding serum-free cultured UVSMC promoted HUVEC proliferation and NO secretion compared to those modules embedded with 10% serum cultured UVSMC. These results suggest, not surprisingly, that embedded UVSMC phenotype plays an important role in the seeded HUVEC phenotype, and that the response can be modulated by the UVSMC culture medium serum concentration. These studies were undertaken with a view to using the UVSMC to modulate the thrombogenicity of the HUVEC. Exploration of this outcome awaits further studies directed to understanding the mechanism of the cellular interactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Armulik, A. Abramsson, C. Betsholtz (2005) Endothelial/pericyte interactions. Circ. Res. 97:512–523
C. H. Arts, J. D. Blankensteijn, G. J. Heijnen-Snyder, H. J. Verhagen, P. P. Hedeman Joosten, J. J. Sixma, B. C. Eikelboom, P. G. de Groot (2002) Reduction of non-endothelial cell contamination of microvascular endothelial cell seeded grafts decreases thrombogenicity and intimal hyperplasia. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 23:404–412
O. Ayalon, H. Sabanai, M. G. Lampugnani, E. Dejana, B. Geiger (1994) Spatial and temporal relationships between cadherins and PECAM-1 in cell-cell junctions of human endothelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 126:247–258
A. P. Banning, P. H. Groves, L. D. Buttery, J. Wharton, R. A. Rutherford, P. Black, F. Winkler, J. M. Polak, M. J. Lewis, H. Drexler (1999) Reciprocal changes in endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression following carotid angioplasty in the pig. Atherosclerosis 145:17–32
D. Behrendt, P. Ganz (2002) Endothelial function. From vascular biology to clinical applications. Am. J. Cardiol. 90:40L–48L
H. Cai, D. G. Harrison (2000) Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ. Res. 87:840–844
Y. J. Chiu, K. Kusano, T. N. Thomas, K. Fujiwara (2004) Endothelial cell-cell adhesion and mechanosignal transduction. Endothelium 11:59–73
C. Daly, V. Wong, E. Burova, Y. Wei, S. Zabski, J. Griffiths, K. M. Lai, H. C. Lin, E. Ioffe, G. D. Yancopoulos, J. S. Rudge (2004) Angiopoietin-1 modulates endothelial cell function and gene expression via the transcription factor FKHR (FOXO1). Genes Dev. 18:1060–1071
G. Di Luozzo, J. Bhargava, R. J. Powell (2000) Vascular smooth muscle cell effect on endothelial cell endothelin-1 production. J. Vasc. Surg. 31:781–789
M. F. Fillinger, L. N. Sampson, J. L. Cronenwett, R. J. Powell, R. J. Wagner (1997) Coculture of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in bilayer and conditioned media models. J. Surg. Res. 67:169–178
H. P. Gerber, A. McMurtrey, J. Kowalski, M. Yan, B. A. Keyt, V. Dixit, N. Ferrara (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. Requirement for Flk-1/KDR activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273:30336–30343
C. M. Giachelli, N. Bae, M. Almeida, D. T. Denhardt, C. E. Alpers, S. M. Schwartz (1993) Osteopontin is elevated during neointima formation in rat arteries and is a novel component of human atherosclerotic plaques. J. Clin. Invest. 92:1686–1696
R. Govers, L. Bevers, P. de Bree, T. J. Rabelink (2002) Endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity is linked to its presence at cell-cell contacts. Biochem. J. 361:193–201
K. Hamada, T. Sasaki, P. A. Koni, M. Natsui, H. Kishimoto, J. Sasaki, N. Yajima, Y. Horie, G. Hasegawa, M. Naito, J. Miyazaki, T. Suda, H. Itoh, K. Nakao, T. W. Mak, T. Nakano, A. Suzuki (2005) The PTEN/PI3K pathway governs normal vascular development and tumor angiogenesis. Genes Dev. 19:2054–2065
G. K. Hansson, Y. J. Geng, J. Holm, P. Hardhammar, A. Wennmalm, E. Jennische (1994) Arterial smooth muscle cells express nitric oxide synthase in response to endothelial injury. J. Exp. Med. 180:733–738
R. J. Hendrickson, C. Cappadona, E. N. Yankah, J. V. Sitzmann, P. A. Cahill, E. M. Redmond (1999) Sustained pulsatile flow regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase expression in co-cultured vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 31:619–629
C. L. Ives, S. G. Eskin, L. V. McIntire (1986) Mechanical effects on endothelial cell morphology: in vitro assessment. In vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 22:500–507
K. N. Kader, R. Akella, N. P. Ziats, L. A. Lakey, H. Harasaki, J. P. Ranieri, R. V. Bellamkonda (2000) eNOS-overexpressing endothelial cells inhibit platelet aggregation and smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. Tissue Eng. 6:241–251
T. Korff, S. Kimmina, G. Martiny-Baron, H. G. Augustin (2001) Blood vessel maturation in a 3-dimensional spheroidal coculture model: direct contact with smooth muscle cells regulates endothelial cell quiescence and abrogates VEGF responsiveness. FASEB J. 15:447–457
Kuhlencordt, P. J., E. Rosel, R. E. Gerszten, M. Morales-Ruiz, D. Dombkowski, W. J. Atkinson, F. Han, F. Preffer, A. Rosezweig, W. C. Sessa, M. A. Gimbrone, G. Ertl, and P. L. Huang. The role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial activation: insights from eNOS-knockout endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 286(5):C1195–C1202, 2004
M. D. Lavender, Z. Pang, C. S. Wallace, L. E. Niklason, G. A. Truskey (2005) A system for the direct co-culture of endothelium on smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 26:4642–4653
S. Li, J. J. Moon, H. Miao, G. Jin, B. P. Chen, S. Yuan, Y. Hu, S. Usami, S. Chien (2003) Signal transduction in matrix contraction and the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in three-dimensional matrix. J. Vasc. Res. 40:378–388
S. Loughna, T. N. Sato (2001) Angiopoietin and Tie signaling pathways in vascular development. Matrix Biol. 20:319–325
K. Matter, M. S. Balda (2003) Functional analysis of tight junctions. Methods 30:228–234
McGuigan, A. P., and M.V. Sefton. Design and fabrication of sub-mm-sized modules containing encapsulated cells for modular tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 3(5):1069–1078, 2007
A. P. McGuigan, M. V. Sefton (2006) Vascularized organoid engineered by modular assembly enables blood perfusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:11461–11466
A. P. McGuigan, M. V. Sefton (2007) The influence of biomaterials on endothelial cell thrombogenicity. Biomaterials 28:2547–2571
O. Ogut, F. V. Brozovich (2003) Regulation of force in vascular smooth muscle. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 35:347–355
G. K. Owens, M. S. Kumar, B. R. Wamhoff (2004) Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol. Rev. 84:767–801
S. Pasquet, P. Thiebaud, C. Faucheux, M. Olive, S. Fourcade, N. Lalevee, J. M. Lamaziere, N. Theze (2004) Characterization of a mammalian smooth muscle cell line that has retained transcriptional and posttranscriptional potencies. In vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim. 40:133–137
R. J. Powell, J. Bhargava, M. D. Basson, B. E. Sumpio (1998) Coculture conditions alter endothelial modulation of TGF-beta 1 activation and smooth muscle growth morphology. Am. J. Physiol. 274:H642–H649
M. Scharpfenecker, U. Fiedler, Y. Reiss, H. G. Augustin (2005) The Tie-2 ligand angiopoietin-2 destabilizes quiescent endothelium through an internal autocrine loop mechanism. J. Cell Sci. 118:771–780
A. P. Selwyn (2003) Prothrombotic and antithrombotic pathways in acute coronary syndromes. Am. J. Cardiol. 91:3H–11H
M. She, A. P. McGuigan, M. V. Sefton (2007) Tissue factor and thrombomodulin expression on endothelial cell-seeded collagen modules for tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 80:497–504
Suzuki, H., K. Eguchi, H. Ohtsu, S. Higuchi, S. Dhobale, G. D. Frank, E. D. Motley, and S. Eguchi. Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by the angiotensin II type-1 receptor. Endocrinology 147(12):5914–5920, 2006
S. K. Williams, D. G. Rose, B. E. Jarrell (1994) Microvascular endothelial cell sodding of ePTFE vascular grafts: improved patency and stability of the cellular lining. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 28:203–212
X. Zhao, X. Li, S. Trusa, S. C. Olson (2005) Angiotensin type 1 receptor is linked to inhibition of nitric oxide production in pulmonary endothelial cells. Regul. Pept. 132:113–122
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Alan Rosenthal for his technical assistance with confocal microscopy. The project was supported by the National Institute of Health (EB001013, co-investigators, E. Yeo, A. Gotlieb) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, BL acknowledges the fellowship support of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Training Program in Regenerative Medicine.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Leung, B.M., Sefton, M.V. A Modular Tissue Engineering Construct Containing Smooth Muscle Cells and Endothelial Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 35, 2039–2049 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-007-9380-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-007-9380-0