Abstract
We present the analysis of sequences of voluntarily and reflexly generated pelvic floor muscle (PFM) contractions on the urethra, vagina, and rectum. A succession of observations were taken of perineal ultrasound at a frequency of 3.5 MHz imaging using a curved linear array probe in the sagittal plane and the videos captured and stored. An edge extraction algorithm was used to outline the coordinates of the symphysis pubis, urethra, and rectum interfaces on a frame-by-frame basis for sequences of 10–20 s. During each PFM contraction, the trajectory of the boundary of each structure was evaluated, colour coded, and overlaid to characterize the sequential history of the ensuing movement. The resulting image analysis was focused to reveal the anatomical displacement of the urogenital structures, which enables the evaluation of their biomechanical parameters in terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration at any point in time. On the basis of these observations, the biomechanical mechanisms of pelvic floor muscle responses to voluntary and reflex contractions can be identified. It is concluded that a considerable amount of new, potentially useful clinical information can be revealed from video recordings of perineal ultrasound using the image analysis approach proposed.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Athanasiou, S., V. Kullar, K. Boos, S. Salvatore, and L. Cardozo. Imaging the urethral sphincter with three-dimensional ultrasound. Obstet. Gynecol. 94(2): 295–301, 1999.
Barbic, M., B. A. Kralj Cor. Compliance of the bladder neck supporting structures: Importance of activity pattern of levator ani muscle and content of elastic fibers of endopelvic fascia. Neurourol. Urodyn. 22(4):269–276, 2003.
Berghmans, L. C. M., and H. J. M. B. K. Hendricks, et al. Conservative treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Br. J. Urol. 82:181–191, 1998.
Bo, K., and H. B. Finckenhagen. Vaginal palpation of pelvic floor muscle strength: Inter-test reproducibility and comparison between palpation and vaginal squeeze pressure. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 80(10):883–887, 2001.
Constantinou, C. E., A. Ryhammer, L. L. Nagel, and J. C. Djurhuus. Determining the displacement of the pelvic floor and pelvic organs during voluntary contractions using magnetic resonance imaging in younger and older women. BJU Int. (90):408–414, 2002.
Constantinou, C. E., and D. E. Govan. Spatial distribution and timing of transmitted and reflexly generated urethral pressures in the healthy female. J. Urol. 127:964–969, 1982.
Deindl, F., M. D. B. Vodusek, and U. Hesse, et al. Pelvic floor activity patterns: Comparison of nulliparous continent and parous urinary stress incontinent women. A kinesiological EMG study. Br. J. Urol. 73:413–417, 1994.
Dietz H. P., P. D. Wilson, and B. Clarke. The use of perineal ultrasound to quantify levator activity and teach pelvic floor muscle exercises. Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic. Floor Dysfunct. 12:166–168, 2001.
Dietz, H. P., S. K. Jarvis, and T. G. Vancaillie. The assessment of levator muscle strength: A validation of three ultrasound techniques. Int. Urogynecol. J. 13(3):156–159, 2002.
Dumoulin C., D. Bourbonnais, and M. C. Lemieux. Development of a dynamometer for measuring the isometric force of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol. Urodyn. 22(7): 648–653, 2003.
Howard, D. J., M. Miller, J. O. DeLancey, and J. A. Ashton-Miller. Differential effects of cough, valsalva, and continence status on vesical neck movement. Obstet. Gynecol. 95(4):535–540, 2000.
Jones, R. C. Pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation urology news. 7(5):2003.
Jones, R., M. Comerford, and R. Sapsford. Pelvic floor stability and trunk muscle co-activation. In Therapeutic Management of Incontinence and Pelvic Pain. 66–71, 2002.
Kessler, R., and C. E. Constantinou. Internal urethrotomy in female children and its impact on the urethral intrinsic and extrinsic continence mechanisms. J. Urol. 136:1284–1253, 1986.
Miller, J., and M. Criteriam. For therapeutic use of pelvic floor muscle training in women. [Review] [44 refs]. J. Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 29:301–311, 2002.
Morin, M., D. Bourbonnais, D. Gravel, C. Dumoulin, and M. C. Lemieux. Pelvic floor muscle function in continent and stress urinary incontinent women using dynamometric measurements. Neurourol. Urodyn. 23(7):668–674, 2004.
Otsu, N., and A. Threshold. Selection method from Gray-Level Histograms. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9(1):62–66, 1979.
Peschers, U. M., D. B. Vodusek, G. Fanger, G. N. Schaer, J. O. DeLancey, and B. Schuessler. Pelvic muscle activity in nulliparous volunteers. Neurourol. Urodyn. 20:269–275, 2001.
Peschers, U. M., G. Fanger, G. N. Schaer, D. B. Vodusek, J. O. DeLancey, and B. Schuessler. Bladder neck mobility in continent nulliparous women, BJOG: An International. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 108(3):320–324, 2001.
Pregazzi, R., A. Sartore, P. Bortoli, E. Grimaldi, L. Troiano, and S. Guaschino. Perineal ultrasound evaluation of urethral angle and bladder neck mobility in women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG: An International. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 109(7): 821–827, 2002.
Reddy, A., J. O. L. DeLancey, L. M. Zwica, and J. Ashton-Miller. On screen-vector based ultrasound assessment of vesical neck movement. Am. J. Obst. Gynecol. 65–70, 2001.
Santiesteban, A. J. Electromyographic and dynamometric characteristics of female pelvic-floor musculature. Phys. Ther. 68(3):344–351, 1988.
Schaer, G. N., D. E. Perucchini, U. Munz, O. R. Peschers, J. O. Koechli DeLancey. Sonographic evaluation of the bladder neck in continent and stress-incontinent women. Obstet. Gynecol. 93:412–416, 1999.
Schaer, G. N., O. R. Koechli, B. Schuessler, and U. Haller. Perineal ultrasound: Determination of reliable examination procedures. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 7:347–352, 1996.
Schaer, G. N., O. R. Koechli, B. Schuessler, U. Haller. Perineal ultrasound for evaluating the bladder neck in urinary stress incontinence. Obstet. Gynecol. 85(2):220–224, 1995.
Sendag, F., H. Vidinli, M. Kazandi, I. M. Itil, N. Askar, and B. Vidinli, et al. Role of perineal sonography in the evaluation of patients with stress urinary incontinence. Australian and New Zealand. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 43(1):54–57, 2003.
Theofrastous, J. P., J. F. Wyman, R. C. Bump, D. K. McClish Elser, D. M. Robinson, and D. J. A. Fantl. Relationship between urethral and vaginal pressures during pelvic muscle contraction. The continence Program for women research group. Neurourol. Urodyn. 16(6):553–558, 1997.
Theofrastous, J. P., J. F. R. C. Wyman, D. Bump, K. McClish, D. M. Elser, D. R. Bland, and J. A. Fantl. Effects of pelvic floor muscle training on strength and predictors of response in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Neurourol. Urodyn. 21(5):486–490, 2002.
Tunn, R., G. Schaer, U. Peschers, and W. Bader, et al. Updated recommendations on ultrasonography in urogynecology. Int. Urogynecol. J. 16:236–241, 2005.
Tunn, R., and E. Petri. Introital and trans-vaginal ultrasound as the main tool in the assessment of urogenital and pelvic floor dysfunction: An imaging panel and practical approach. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 22(2):205–213, 2003.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was funded by an NIH grant, 1 R21 EB001654. RCJ was supported by a RJ Physiotherapy Ltd, Southampton, UK bursary.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peng, Q., Jones, R.C. & Constantinou, C.E. 2D Ultrasound Image Processing in Identifying Responses of Urogenital Structures to Pelvic Floor Muscle Activity. Ann Biomed Eng 34, 477–493 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-9059-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-9059-3