Abstract
Libya's archaeological heritage is truly spectacular, comparatively little studied and hugely under threat. Following an extended period of isolation, improvement in Libya's relations with the rest of the world and a rise in the price of oil have stimulated a huge amount of development in the country, especially in the hydrocarbon and infrastructure sectors of the economy. With a rapidly growing population, and expanding youth unemployment, the Libyan government is attempting to develop a new way forward for its society and economy. Archaeology and heritage have not traditionally been high on Libya's agenda. The custodian of Libyan heritage, the Department of Antiquities, has been poorly supported by the state (perhaps in part relating to postcolonial Libya's ambivalent feelings towards its past) and is now badly positioned to deal with the nature and scale of development threats in the cities, the agricultural zone, and especially the desert where the greatest number of heritage assets are located. Most major development projects in these areas and elsewhere have been undertaken with little or no archaeological impact assessment, monitoring or mitigation activities, with unfortunate consequences for buried and standing archaeological remains. There are some encouraging signs of a sea change in the state's attitude to archaeology, heritage, conservation and tourism.
Résumé
Le patrimoine archéologique libyen est absolument extraordinaire, relativement peu étudié et gravement menacé. Après une période prolongée d’isolement, l’amélioration des relations entre la Libye et les autres pays du monde ainsi que l’augmentation du prix du pétrole ont stimulé un haut niveau de développement dans le pays, en particulier dans les secteurs économiques des hydrocarbures et des infrastructures. Compte tenu de l’accroissement rapide de sa population et de l’augmentation du chômage parmi les jeunes, le gouvernement libyen essaye à présent de trouver de nouveaux modes de développement social et économique. L’archéologie et le patrimoine n’ont traditionnellement pas fait partie des priorités du gouvernement libyen. Le Département des Antiquités, chargé de la conservation du patrimoine libyen, a reçu peu d’aide de l’État (peut-être en raison, du moins partiellement, des sentiments ambivalents de Libye postcoloniale envers son passé) de sorte qu’il se trouve actuellement incapable de gérer la nature et l’ampleur des menaces liées au développement, dans les villes, les zones agricoles et particulièrement dans le désert, où se trouvent la plupart des richesses patrimoniales. Dans ces régions et ailleurs, la plupart des projets de développement ont été entrepris avec peu ou sans mesures d’évaluation de l’impact archéologique, de surveillance ou d’atténuation, ce qui a eu un effet dévastateur sur les vestiges archéologiques enfouis ou hors sol. Toutefois, des signes encourageants annoncent un profond changement dans l’attitude de l’État envers l’archéologie, le patrimoine, la conservation et le tourisme.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anag, G., Cosentino, L., and di Lernia, S. (2007) Edeyen Of Murzuq: Archaeological Survey in the Libyan Sahara. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities; ENI North Africa; Rome: Università di Roma la Sapienza.
Barich, B. (1987). Archaeology and environment in the Libyan Sahara: the excavations in the Tadrart Acacus 1978–1983. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 368.
Barker, G. (2002). A tale of two deserts: contrasting desertification histories on Rome’s desert frontiers. World Archaeology, 33(3), 488–507.
Barker, G. (2006). The archaeology and heritage of the Sahara. In D. Mattingly, S. McLaren, E. Savage, Y. al-Fasatwi, & K. Gadgood (Eds.), The Libyan desert: natural resources and cultural heritage (pp. 9–26). London: Society for Libyan Studies.
Barker, G., Gilbertson, D., Jones, B., and Mattingly, D. (1996) Farming the Desert: the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. Paris: UNESCO; London: Society for Libyan Studies.
Bennett, P., & Buzaian, A. (2006). A preliminary survey of Gasr Shibna, Benghazi. Libyan Studies, 37, 31–43.
Bennett, P., Wilson, A. I., & Buzaian, A. M. (2001). Euesperides, the first Benghazi. In N. Higham (Ed.), Archaeology of the Roman empire: a tribute to the life and works of professor Barri Jones (pp. 219–236). Oxford: Archaeopress.
Bennett, P., Wilson, I., Buzaian, A., & Kattenberg, A. (2004). The effects of recent storms on the exposed coastline of Tocra. Libyan Studies, 35, 113–122.
Buzaian, A. (2000). Excavations at Tocra (1985–1992). Libyan Studies, 31, 59–101.
Cremaschi, M., & di Lernia, S. (1998). Wadi Teshuinat: palaeoenvironment and prehistory in South-Western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Florence: Insegna del Giglio.
di Vita, A., di Vita Evrard, G., Bacchielli, L., & Polidori, R. (1999). Libya. The lost cities of the Roman Empire. Cologne: Konerman.
Fehervari, G., Hamdani, A., Shaghlouf, M., and Bishop, H. (2002) Excavations at Surt (Medinat Al- Sultan) between 1977 and 1981. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities; London: Society for Libyan Studies.
Goodchild, R. G. (1962). Benghazi: the story of a city. Cyrene: Department of Antiquities.
Joly, E., & Tomasello, F. (1984). Il Tempio a Divinità Ignota di Sabratha. (MAL XVIII) Rome: “L’Erma” di Bretschneider.
Kenrick, P. (1986). Excavations at Sabratha 1948–1951. A report on the excavations conducted by Dame Kathleen Kenyon and J. Ward-Perkins. Society for Libyan Studies: London.
Kenrick, P. (2009). Libyan archaeological guides: Tripolitania. London: Silphium Books.
Lahr, M., Foley, R., Crivellaro, F., Okumara, M., Maher, L., Davies, T., et al. (2009). DMP VI. Preliminary results from, 2009 fieldwork on the human prehistory of the Libyan Sahara. Libyan Studies, 40, 133–153.
Laronde, A. (1987). Cyrène et la Libye héllenistique. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Le Quellec, J.-L. (1987). L’Art Rupestre du Fezzan Septentrional (Libye): Widyan Zreda et Tarut (Wadi Esh-Shati). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 365.
Lloyd, J.A. (1977) (Ed.) Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice). Volume I. Tripoli: Supplement to Libya Antiqua.
Lloyd, J. A., Reece, R., Reynolds, J. M., & Sear, F. B. (1977). Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice). Volume I. Buildings, coins, inscriptions, architectural decoration. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities.
Mattingly, D. (1995). Tripolitania. London: Batsford.
Mattingly, D. (1996) From one colonialism to another: imperialism and the Maghreb. In J. Webster and N. Cooper (Eds.) Roman imperialism: post-colonial perspectives (pp. 49–69). Leicester University: Leicester Archaeological Monographs.
Mattingly, D. (2003). The archaeology of Fezzan. Volume 1. Synthesis. Society for Libyan Studies: London.
Mattingly, D. J., & Hitchner, R. B. (1995). Roman Africa: an archaeological review. Journal of Roman Studies, 85, 165–213.
Mattingly, D., McLaren, S., Savage, E., al-Fasatwi, Y., and Gadgood, K. (2006) (Eds.) The Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage. London, Society for Libyan Studies.
McBurney, C. B. M. (1967). The Haua Fteah in Cyrenaica and the stone age of the Southeast Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Michaelides, D. (1998). Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi IV, Part I (Berenice: the mosaics and marble floors). Tripoli: Supplements to Libya Antiqua.
Mori, F. (1960). Arte Preistorica del Sahara. Turin: Einaudi.
Mori, F. (1965). Tadrart Acacus. Turin: Einaudi.
Munzi, M. (2007). Italian archaeology in Libya. In M. Galaty & C. Watkinson (Eds.), Archaeology under dictatorship (pp. 73–107). New York: Springer.
Reynolds, J. M. (1976) (Ed.) Libyan studies: select papers of the late R. G. Goodchild. London: Elek.
Stucchi, S. (1975). Architettura Cirenaica. Rome: “L’Erma” di Bretschneider.
Stucchi, S. (1976) (ed.) Cirene e la Grecia. Rome: “L’Erma” di Bretschneider=QAL 8.
Stucchi, S., and Luni, M. (1987) (eds) Cirene e i Libyi. Rome: “L’Erma” di Bretschneider=QAL 12.
Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1993). The Severan buildings of Lepcis Magna. London: Society for Libyan Studies.
Wilson, A., Bennett, P., Buzaian, A., Cherstich, L., Found, B., Göransson, K., et al. (2006). Euesperides 2006: preliminary report on the Spring 2006 season. Libyan Studies, 37, 117–157.
Wright, J. (2008). The emergence of Libya. London: Silphium Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bennett, P., Barker, G. Protecting Libya's Archaeological Heritage. Afr Archaeol Rev 28, 5–25 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-010-9085-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-010-9085-x