The Progression of Melanoma Nodal Metastasis Is Dependent on Tumor Thickness of the Primary Lesion

Abstract

Background: Recent results of several clinical trials using the technique of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy confirm the validity of the concept of there being an order to the progression of melanoma nodal metastases. This report reviews the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center experience with this procedure, one of the largest series described to date. These data demonstrate that the involvement of the SLNs, as well as higher-echelon nodes, is directly proportional to the melanoma tumor thickness, as measured by the method of Breslow.

Methods: The investigators at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center retrospectively reviewed their experience using lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsies in the treatment of malignant melanoma. All eligible patients with primary malignant melanomas underwent preoperative and intraoperative mapping of the lymphatic drainage of their primary sites, along with SLN biopsies. All patients with positive SLNs underwent complete regional basin nodal dissection. For 20 consecutive patients with one positive SLN, all of the nodes from the complete lymphadenectomy were serially sectioned and examined by S-100 immunohistochemical analysis, to detect additional metastatic disease.

Results: Six hundred ninety-three patients consented to undergo lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy. The SLNs were successfully identified and collected for 688 patients, yielding a 99% success rate. One hundred patients (14.52%) showed evidence of nodal metastasis. The rates of SLN involvement for primary tumors with thicknesses of <0.76 mm, 0.76–1.0 mm, 1.0–1.5 mm, 1.5–4.0 mm, and >4.0 mm were 0%, 5.3%, 8%, 19%, and 29%, respectively. Eighty-one patients underwent complete lymph node dissection after observation of a positive SLN, and only six patients with positive SLNs demonstrated metastatic disease beyond the SLN (7.4%). The tumor thicknesses for these six patients ranged from 2.8 to 6.0 mm. No patient with a tumor thickness of <2.8 mm was found to have evidence of metastatic disease beyond the SLN in complete lymph node dissection. All 20 patients with a positive SLN for whom all of the regional nodes were serially sectioned and examined by S-100 immunohistochemical analysis failed to show additional positive nodes.

Conclusions: These results suggest that regional lymph node involvement may be dependent on the thickness of the primary tumor. As the primary tumor thickness increases, so does the likelihood of involvement of SLNs and higher regional nodes in the basin beyond the positive SLNs.