Abstract
The effect of doping ferrocene in the working fluid of electrohydrodynamic micropumps was investigated under the application of DC electric fields. The micropump consisted of 100 planar electrode pairs that were embedded along the bottom wall of a 100-micron-high, 5-mm-wide and 26-mm-long microchannel. The width of the emitter and collector electrodes was 20 and 40 µm, respectively, with inter-electrode spacing of 30 µm. A redox dopant, ferrocene, was diffused homogeneously into the working fluid HFE-7100 at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 % concentration by weight. The static pressure head generation and flow rate at different back pressure conditions were measured under different applied DC voltages. The current and pressure generated with the doped working fluid were significantly higher than with pure HFE-7100 under an applied DC field. A maximum static pressure of 6.7 kPa and flow rate of 0.47 mL/min at no back pressure were achieved at 700 V.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn S-H, Kim Y-K (1998) Fabrication and experiment of a planar micro ion drag pump. Sens Actuators A Phys 70:1–5
Amirouche F, Zhou Y, Johnson T (2009) Current micropump technologies and their biomedical applications. Microsyst Technol 15:647–666
Arii K, Schmidt WF (1984) Current injection and light emission in liquid argon and xenon in a divergent electric field. IEEE Trans Electr Insul EI-19(1):16–23
Atten P, Haidara M (1985) Electrical conduction and EHD motion of dielectric liquids in a knife-plane electrode assembly. IEEE Trans Electr Insul EI-20(2):187–198
Atten P, Seyed-Yagoobi J (2003) Electrohydrodynamically induced dielectric liquid flow through pure conduction in point/plane geometry. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 10:27–36
Benetis V, Shooshtari A, Foroughi P, Ohadi M (2003) A source-integrated micropump for cooling of high heat flux electronics. In: Semiconductor thermal measurement and management symposium, 2003. Nineteenth annual IEEE, 2003. IEEE, pp 236–241
Bohinsky B, Seyed-Yagoobi J (1990) Induction electrohydrodynamic pumping-selecting an optimum working fluid. In: Industry applications society annual meeting, 1990. Conference record of the 1990 IEEE, 1990. IEEE, pp 795–801
Bourouina T, Bossebuf A, Grandchamp J-P (1997) Design and simulation of an electrostatic micropump for drug-delivery applications. J Micromech Microeng 7:186
Bryan J, Seyed-Yagoobi J (1991) Experimental study of ion-drag pumping using various working fluids. IEEE Trans Electr Insul 26:647–655
Bryan JE, Seyed-Yagoobi J (1992) An experimental investigation of ion-drag pump in a vertical and axisymmetric configuration. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 28:310–316
Butcher M, Neuber A, Cevallos MD, Dickens JC, Krompholz H (2006) Conduction and breakdown mechanisms in transformer oil. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 34:467–475
Crowley JM, Wright GS, Chato JC (1990) Selecting a working fluid to increase the efficiency and flow rate of an EHD pump. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 26:42–49
Darabi J, Rhodes C (2006) CFD modeling of an ion-drag micropump. Sens Actuators A Phys 127:94–103
Darabi J, Wang H (2005) Development of an electrohydrodynamic injection micropump and its potential application in pumping fluids in cryogenic cooling systems. J Microelectromech Syst 14:747–755
Darabi J, Rada M, Ohadi M, Lawler J (2002) Design, fabrication, and testing of an electrohydrodynamic ion-drag micropump. J Microelectromech Syst 11:684–690
El-Genk MS, Bostanci H (2003) Saturation boiling of HFE-7100 from a copper surface, simulating a microelectronic chip. Int J Heat Mass Transf 46:1841–1854
Ewing G, Cazes J (2005) Ewing’s analytical instrumentation handbook. Marcel Dekker, New York
Foroughi P, Benetis V, Ohadi M, Zhao Y, Lawler J (2005) Design, testing and optimization of a micropump for cryogenic spot cooling applications. In: Semiconductor thermal measurement and management symposium, 2005 IEEE twenty first annual IEEE, 2005. IEEE, pp 335–340
Foroughi P, Shooshtari A, Dessiatoun S, Ohadi MM (2010) Experimental characterization of an electrohydrodynamic micropump for cryogenic spot cooling applications. Heat Transf Eng 31:119–126
Halpern B, Gomer R (1969a) Field emission in liquids. J Chem Phys 51:1031–1047
Halpern B, Gomer R (1969b) Field ionization in liquids. J Chem Phys 51:1048–1056
Jayaram S, Cross J (1994) Effects of ionic impurities on EHD motion and conduction in nonpolar liquids. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 1:1005–1015
Jeong S, Seyed-Yagoobi J (2002) Experimental study of electrohydrodynamic pumping through conduction phenomenon. J Electrostat 56:123–133
Kazemi PZ, Selvaganapathy PR, Ching CY (2009a) Effect of electrode asymmetry on performance of electrohydrodynamic micropumps. J Microelectromech Syst 18:547–554
Kazemi PZ, Selvaganapathy PR, Ching CY (2009b) Electrohydrodynamic micropumps with asymmetric electrode geometries for microscale electronics cooling. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 16:483–488
Kazemi PZ, Selvaganapathy PR, Ching C (2010) Effect of micropillar electrode spacing on the performance of electrohydrodynamic micropumps. J Electrostat 68:376–383
Noori A, Selvaganapathy PR, Wilson J (2009) Microinjection in a microfluidic format using flexible and compliant channels and electroosmotic dosage control. Lab Chip 9:3202–3211
Park JK, Ryu JC, Kim WK, Kang KH (2009) Effect of electric field on electrical conductivity of dielectric liquids mixed with polar additives: DC conductivity. J Phys Chem B 113:12271–12276
Pontiga F, Castellanos A (1996) Electrical conduction of electrolyte solutions in nonpolar liquids. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 32:816–824
Russel M, Selvaganapathy P, Ching C (2014a) Effect of electrode surface topology on charge injection characteristics in dielectric liquids: an experimental study. J Electrostat 72:487–492
Russel M, Selvaganapathy PR, Ching CY (2014b) Electrohydrodynamic injection micropump with composite gold and single walled carbon nanotube electrodes. IEEE J Microelectromech Syst. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2015.2421641
Schmidt WF (1984) Electronic conduction processes in dielectric liquids. IEEE Trans Electr Insul EI-19(5):389–418
Schwabe R, McMillen C, Sharbaugh A (1987) Electrohydrodynamic pumping in distribution transformers: final report. General Electric Co., Corporate Research and Development Center, Schenectady
Stuetzer OM (1959) Ion drag pressure generation. J Appl Phys 30:984–994
Yang L-J, Wang J-M, Huang Y-L (2004) The micro ion drag pump using indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes to resist aging. Sens Actuators A Phys 111:118–122
Zanello P (2003) Inorganic electrochemistry: theory, practice and applications. Royal Society of Chemistry, London
Acknowledgments
The support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation through the Ontario Research Fund and Canada Research Chairs Program is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Russel, M.K., Hasnain, S.M., Selvaganapathy, P.R. et al. Effect of doping ferrocene in the working fluid of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) micropumps. Microfluid Nanofluid 20, 112 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-016-1777-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-016-1777-3