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Distribution of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Hard Ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) from Panamanian Urban and Rural Environments (2007–2013)

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Abstract

Tick-borne rickettsiosis is an important emerging disease in Panama; to date, there have been 12 confirmed cases, including eight fatalities. To evaluate the distribution of rickettsiae in Panamanian ticks, we collected questing and on-host ticks in urban and rural towns in elevations varying between 0 and 2300 m. A total of 63 sites (13 urban and 50 rural towns) were used to develop models of spatial distributions. We found the following tick species: Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (present in 54 of 63 towns and cities), Amblyomma mixtum (45/63), Dermacentor nitens (40/63), A. ovale (37/63), Rhipicephalus microplus (33/63), A. oblongoguttatum (33/63), Ixodes affinis (3/63), and Ixodes boliviensis (2/63). Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. was present in urban and rural towns, and other species were present only in rural towns. DNA was extracted from 408 R. sanguineus s.l., 387 A. mixtum, 103 A. ovale, and 11 A. oblongoguttatum and later tested for rickettsiae genes using PCR. Rickettsia DNA was detected in ticks from 21 of 63 localities. Rickettsia rickettsii was detected in five A. mixtum (1.29%), and Candidatus “Rickettsia amblyommii” was found in 138 A. mixtum (35%), 14 R. sanguineus (3.4%), and one A. ovale (0.9%). These results suggest that much of rural Panama is suitable for the expansion of tick populations and could favor the appearance of new tick-borne rickettsiosis outbreaks.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the projects “Surveillance of Panamanian ectoparasites for rickettsial agents” (funds CDC, ICGES) and “Vigilancia epidemiológica de las enfermedades emergentes y re-emergentes del cordón fronterizo Panamá-Colombia” (funds Ministry of Economic and Finance), and also other field activities from the projects “Estudio de la diversidad de toxinas producidas por los escorpiones de importancia médica en Panamá, mediante el empleo de técnicas biotecnológicas,” “Análisis toxinológico de poblaciones de escorpiones de los géneros Tityus y Centruroides en áreas endémicas de Costa Rica, Colombia y Panamá, empleando técnicas moleculares e inmunológicas” (fondos SENACYT), and “Análisis de la incidencia de leishmaniasis en Capira” (funds Ministry of Economic and Finance). LEP received funding from the Programa de Doctorados Nacionales del Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) from Colombia. Special thanks to Nicole Gottdenker, Anayansi Valderrama, and Robyn Nadolny for their comments on the manuscript and assistance with the English revision.

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  1. Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama, Panama

    Sergio E. Bermúdez, Angélica M. Castro, Gleydis G. García, Amanda Gabster, Roberto J. Miranda & Yamitzel Zaldívar

  2. Grupo de Estudios con Ectoparásitos, Panama, Panama

    Sergio E. Bermúdez, Diomedes Trejos & Luis E. Paternina

  3. Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Panama, Panama

    Diomedes Trejos

  4. Grupo BIOGEM, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

    Luis E. Paternina

  5. Grupo Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia

    Luis E. Paternina

  6. Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia

    Luis E. Paternina

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  1. Sergio E. Bermúdez
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Bermúdez, S.E., Castro, A.M., Trejos, D. et al. Distribution of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Hard Ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) from Panamanian Urban and Rural Environments (2007–2013). EcoHealth 13, 274–284 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-016-1118-8

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