Abstract
Objective
Kidney stone disease (urolithiasis) leads to severe health-related problems such as flank pain in patients, and it has seen increasing prevalence and incidence in the past few decades. In this regard, we aimed to study the epidemiology of urolithiasis and the associated demographic factors in the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies of Iranian Adults (PERSIAN) Guilan cohort study (PGCS) population.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2014 to 2017, and the population consisted of 10,520 individuals aged 35–70 years in the PGCS (Sowme'e Sara, Guilan, Iran). Demographic data and clinical characteristics of the participants, including age, gender, educational level, employment status, history of smoking and hookah, alcohol and opium consumption, the metabolic equivalent of task (MET), habitat, marital status, body mass index (BMI), and history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were recorded.
Results
The prevalence of urolithiasis was 15.6%, and the majority of cases were men (18.5% vs 13.1%). Adjusted analysis showed that male gender, marriage, widowed, divorced, rural residency, higher BMI, hookah smoking, hypertension, and T2DM were significantly associated with a higher risk of urolithiasis (P < 0.005). By contrast, alcohol consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of urolithiasis (OR 0.76, CI 95% 0.63–0.91, P = 0.03).
Conclusion
According to our results, urolithiasis is more prevalent in men, people with high BMI, rural residents, and smokers. Also, the higher reported prevalence of urolithiasis among the study population compared to other regions of Iran may represent the effect of lifestyle on the incidence of kidney stones.
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Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
We thank all hospital staff and specialists for their assistance with conforming and recording cases.
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Contributions
Concept and Study design: Farahnaz Joukar, Ardalan Akhavan, and Masoud Khosravi.
Methods, data collection and experimental work: Alireza Mansour-Ghanaei and Mohaddeseh Gholami.
Results analysis and conclusions: Saman Maroufizadeh and Mohammadreza Naghipour.
Manuscript preparation and editing: Niloofar Faraji, Tahereh Zeinali, and Ardalan Akhavan.
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This study was approved by the ethics committees at the Guilan University of Medical Sciences (IR.GUMS.REC.1400.622).
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Akhavan, A., Joukar, F., Maroufizadeh, S. et al. Prevalence of urolithiasis among adults in the PERSIAN Guilan cohort study. J Public Health (Berl.) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-02039-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-02039-4