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Osmosensing and osmosignaling in the liver

Osmosensing und Osmosignaling in der Leber

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Zusammenfassung

Änderungen des Leberzellvolumens, wie sie unter dem Einfluss von Anisoosmolarität, Hormonen, oxidativem Stress oder während kumulativer Substrataufnahme in die Leberzelle auftreten, stellen ein eigenständiges Signal für die Regulation der Leberzellfunktion und Genexpression dar. Mehrere seit langem bekannte, jedoch mechanistisch kaum verstandene Effekte von Aminosäuren, wie Stimulation der Glykogensynthese oder Hemmung der Proteolyse, sind auf solche Änderungen des Zellvolumens zurückzuführen, da sie quantitativ nachgeahmt werden können, wenn die Aminosäure-induzierte Hepatozytenschwellung durch äquipotente hypoosmotische Zellschwellung induziert wird. In analoger Weise führen Hormone zu transmembranären Ionenverschiebungen, und die resultierende Änderung der zellulären Hydratation wirkt wie ein "second messenger" der Hormonwirkung. Integrine fungieren als Osmosensoren der Hepatozytenschwellung, deren Aktivierung über MAP-Kinasenaktivierung Cholerese und Proteolysehemmung vermittelt. Hepatozytenschrumpfung induziert eine endosomale Azidifizierung als Startsignal für eine Ceramid-abhängige Aktivierung der NADPH Oxidase, wobei die oxidative Stressantwort proaptotisch wirkt. Störungen des Osmosensing und Osmosignaling sind an der Pathogenese einer Reihe von Störungen beteiligt, wie Insulinresistenz, Proteinkatabolismus und cholestatische Leberschäden. Der Beitrag fasst nur einige Aspekte unserer eigenen Arbeiten zu Osmosignaling und Osmosensing zusammen; für eingehendere Befassung sei der Leser auf Reviews [1–6] verwiesen.

Summary

Alterations of hepatocyte volume induced by either anisoosmotic environments or under the influence of hormones, concentrative amino acid uptake and oxidative stress are now recognized as an independent signal which contributes to the regulation of liver cell function and gene expression. Several long-known but mechanistically poorly understood effects of amino acids, which could not be related to their metabolism, such as the stimulation of glycogen synthesis or the inhibition of proteolysis are due to their effects on hepatocyte hydration, because they are quantitatively mimicked by swelling the cells in hypoosmotic media to the extent as the amino acids do. Likewise, transmembrane ion movements under the influence of hormones are an integral part of hormonal signal transduction mechanisms with alterations of cellular hydration acting as another "second messenger" of hormone action. Integrins act as osmosensors for hepatocyte swelling and trigger activation of mitogen- activated protein kinase systems as osmosignaling cascades towards choleresis and autophagy inhibition. On the contrary, hepatocyte shrinkage triggers endosomal acidification as a signal for a ceramide-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase isoenzymes, which results in an oxidative stress signal with proapoptotic effects. Disturbances of osmosignaling and osmosensing are involved in a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as insulin resistance, protein catabolic states and cholestatic liver injury. This article briefly summarizes some aspects of our own work on osmosignaling and osmosensing; for indepth surveys the reader is refered to recent reviews [1–6].

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Correspondence to Dieter Häussinger.

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Häussinger, D. Osmosensing and osmosignaling in the liver. Wien Med Wochenschr 158, 549–552 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-008-0593-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-008-0593-0

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