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Hepatocellular carcinoma – Rising incidence, changing therapeutic strategies

Hepatozelluläres Karzinom – Steigende Inzidenz und neue therapeutische Strategien

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Zusammenfassung

Das hepatozelluläre Karzinom wird üblicherweise sehr spät diagnostiziert. Wenige Patienten sind Kandidaten für potentiell kurative angesehene Behandlungsoptionen, wie Resektion oder Lebertransplantation. Der chirurgischen Resektion wird meist durch die eingeschränkte Funktion der zirrhotisch-umgewandelten Leber Grenzen gesetzt. Hingegen sind Tumorgröße, die oftmals anzutreffend Multilokalität der Erkrankung und Verfügbarkeit von Spenderorganen Limitationen der Lebertransplantation. Die transarterielle Chemoembolisation (TACE) ist ein lokal ablierendes Therapieverfahren, das neben einer guten lokalen Kontrolle der Tumorprogression auch einen positiven Einfluss auf das Überleben hat. Die relativ hohe Rate von neuentstehenden Tumoren (durch metastatische Ausbreitung oder echte de-novo Tumore) lassen auch dieses Verfahren nicht als kurative Therapieoption erscheinen. In ähnlicher Weise sind auch die transkutane Alkoholinstillation (PAI) oder die Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) in der Lage das lokale Tumorwachstum zu hemmen, jedoch wird durch diese Therapieformen die Überlebenszeit nicht verlängert. Große randomisierte Studien sind notwendig, um systemisch zu applizierende Therapien, wie Somatostatin Analoga, HMG-CoA Reduktase Inhibitoren, antiproliferativ und antiangioneogenetisch wirksame Substanzen, wie Rapamycin, oder Inhibitoren des vascular enthelial growth factors (VEGF) auf ihre Wirksamkeit zu beurteilen.

Summary

Despite considerable efforts no ideal treatment exists for HCC. The disease is usually detected late and few patients are candidates for potentially curative treatment options such as surgical resection or liver transplantation. Surgical resection is limited mostly by the impaired liver function in cirrhotic livers, whereas liver transplantation is limited by tumor size, multi-localized disease and, most important, by shortage of donor organs. TACE as a local ablative treatment is able to induce local disease control and to prolong survival and might even achieve survival similar to surgical resection. The high rates of recurrence of HCC after successful control of local tumor spread is the reason to consider that procedure as a non-curative treatment option. PEI and RFA are able to control local tumor growth, but cannot influence tumor recurrence or de novo tumor growth. Systemic therapies need to be investigated in large randomized trials, especially to evaluate the use of somatostain analogues, HMGCoA reductase inhibitors, or other drugs such as rapamycin or inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

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Correspondence to Christian Müller.

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Müller, C. Hepatocellular carcinoma – Rising incidence, changing therapeutic strategies. Wien Med Wochenschr 156, 404–409 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-006-0316-3

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