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Efficacy of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in the Management of Disease Complex of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Caused by Pectobacterium betavasculorum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Meloidogyne incognita

Wirksamkeit von Titandioxid-Nanopartikeln bei der Bekämpfung des durch Pectobacterium betavasculorum, Rhizoctonia solani und Meloidogyne incognita verursachten Krankheitskomplexes der Roten Bete (Beta vulgaris L.)

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Abstract

Application of nanoparticles (NPs) in the management of plant diseases may reduce the use of pesticides and enhance food security. In this study, the effects of TiO2 NPs in 100 and 200 mg L−1 concentrations were examined against Meloidogyne incognita (Mi), Pectobacterium betavasculorum (Pb) and Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) under in vitro conditions and in a pot experiment. TiO2 NPs inhibited the growth of Pb and Rs and significantly reduced the hatching and caused mortality of Mi 2nd stage juveniles. As revealed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TiO2 NPs react directly to the cuticle/cell wall of test pathogens. In pot experiments, TiO2 NPs were used as a foliar spray and seed priming. Foliar spray of TiO2 NPs was found to be more efficient than seed priming in enhancing the growth, activities of defense enzymes, photosynthetic performance, and disease resistance in beetroot. Foliar spray of TiO2 NPs at 200 mg L−1 resulted in the maximum increase in plant growth, activities of defense enzymes and photosynthetic performance of beetroot. Foliar spray of TiO2 NPs at 200 mg L−1 caused the maximum reduction in disease indices, nematode multiplication, and root galling. As revealed from the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, TiO2 NPs accumulated across the tissues of both infected and un-infected plants irrespective of the method of application. Overall, the findings show that TiO2 NPs as foliar spray have the potential to be applied for the management of soft rot, root rot and root-knot disease complex of beetroot.

Zusammenfassung

Die Anwendung von Nanopartikeln (NPs) bei der Bekämpfung von Pflanzenkrankheiten kann den Einsatz von Pestiziden reduzieren und die Ernährungssicherheit erhöhen. In dieser Studie wurden die Wirkungen von TiO2-NPs in Konzentrationen von 100 und 200 mg L−1 gegen Meloidogyne incognita (Mi), Pectobacterium betavasculorum (Pb) und Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) unter in vitro-Bedingungen und in einem Topfexperiment untersucht. TiO2-NPs hemmten das Wachstum von Pb und Rs und reduzierten signifikant das Schlüpfen und führten zur Mortalität von Mi-Juvenilen im zweiten Stadium. Wie aus der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) hervorging, reagieren TiO2-NPs direkt mit der Cuticula/Zellwand der Testpathogene. In Topfexperimenten wurden TiO2-NPs als Blattspray und zur Saatgutvorbehandlung eingesetzt. Die Blattspritzung mit TiO2-NPs erwies sich als effizienter als die Saatgutbehandlung, um das Wachstum, die Aktivitäten von Verteidigungsenzymen, die photosynthetische Leistung und die Krankheitsresistenz von Roter Bete zu steigern. Die Blattapplikation von TiO2-NPs in einer Konzentration von 200 mg L−1 führte zu einer maximalen Steigerung des Pflanzenwachstums, der Aktivitäten von Abwehrenzymen und der photosynthetischen Leistung der Roten Bete. Weiterhin hatte die Blattapplikation von TiO2-NPs bei 200 mg L−1 die maximale Reduzierung der Krankheitsindizes, der Nematodenvermehrung und der Wurzelgallenbildung zur Folge. Wie die Analyse der induktiv gekoppelten Plasma-Massenspektrometrie (ICP-MS) zeigte, reicherten sich TiO2-NPs im Gewebe sowohl infizierter als auch nicht infizierter Pflanzen an, unabhängig von der Applikationsmethode. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass TiO2-NPs als Blattspray das Potenzial haben, für das Management des Krankheitskomplexes aus Weichfäule, Wurzelfäule und Wurzelknotenkrankheit bei der Roten Bete eingesetzt zu werden.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, for Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass-Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis and University Sophisticated Instrumentation Facility, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for Scanning Electron Microscopic studies.

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  1. Section of Plant Pathology and nematology, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India

    Manzoor R. Khan & Zaki A. Siddiqui

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M.R. Khan and Z.A. Siddiqui declare that they have no competing interests.

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Khan, M.R., Siddiqui, Z.A. Efficacy of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in the Management of Disease Complex of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Caused by Pectobacterium betavasculorum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Meloidogyne incognita . Gesunde Pflanzen 73, 445–464 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-021-00566-2

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