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Predicting climate change impacts on native and invasive tree species using radial growth and twenty-first century climate scenarios

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Abstract

The climatic conditions predicted for the twenty-first century may aggravate the extent and impacts of plant invasions, by favouring those invaders more adapted to altered conditions or by hampering the native flora. We aim to predict the fate of native and invasive tree species in the oak forests of Northwest Spain, where the exotic invaders Acacia dealbata and Eucalyptus globulus co-occur with the natives Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica and the naturalized Pinus pinaster. We selected adult, dominant trees of each species, collected increment cores, measured the ring width and estimated the basal area increment (BAI, cm2 year−1). Climate/growth models were built by using linear mixed-effect models, where the previous-year BAI and seasonal temperature and precipitation were the fixed factors and the individual the random factor. These models were run to project the fate of studied species in the A2 and B2 CO2 emission scenarios until 2100. The models explained over 50 % of BAI variance in all species but E. globulus, where growth probably occurs whenever a minimum environmental requirement is met. Warm autumns favoured BAI of both natives, probably due to an extension of leaf lifespan, but hampered A. dealbata and P. pinaster BAI, maybe because of water imbalance and/or the depletion of carbon reserves. The projections yielded a positive BAI trend for both Quercus along the twenty-first century, but negative for the invader A. dealbata and clearly declining for the naturalized P. pinaster. Our results disagree with previous literature pointing at climate change as a driver of invasive species’ success and call for further studies regarding the effect of climate change on co-occurring natives and invaders.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Projects CGL2010-16388/BOS of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, POII10-0179-4700 of Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha and by the REMEDINAL-2 network S2009/AMB-1783 (Comunidad de Madrid). Noelia González-Muñoz was supported by a postdoctoral contract of the REMEDINAL-2 network and of Universidad de Alcalá. Juan Carlos Linares thanks the support provided by a research grant of the University Pablo de Olavide, APP2D09497. We got inspired by discussions during meetings of the COST Action FP1106, STReESS. We thank Margarita Costa-Tenorio and Evelyn Beliën for her valuable help in the field work and Ellen Wilderink for her help at the laboratory measurements. We acknowledge the Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group at Wageningen University for allowing us using their facilities and for the fruitful discussions during Noelia González-Muñoz short stays. These stays were funded by The C. T. de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation of Wageningen University and by a FPI-Fellowship of the Government of Spain.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unidad Docente de Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain

    N. González-Muñoz & P. Castro-Díez

  2. Área de Ecología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain

    J. C. Linares

  3. Forest Ecology and Management Group, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    U. Sass-Klaassen

Authors
  1. N. González-Muñoz
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  2. J. C. Linares
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  3. P. Castro-Díez
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  4. U. Sass-Klaassen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. González-Muñoz.

Additional information

Communicated by Dr. Christian Ammer.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

10342_2014_823_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Appendix A. Detail of the last rings formed by the invaders Acacia dealbata (A) and Eucalyptus globulus (B), the naturalized Pinus pinaster (C) and the natives Quercus pyrenaica (D) and Quercus robur (E). Samples collected in July 2008 (DOCX 316 kb)

10342_2014_823_MOESM2_ESM.docx

Appendix B. SPI and mean annual temperature (ºC) from 1990 to 2100 for the study area (Orense, Spain) and for the emission scenarios A2 and B2 (IPCC 2007) according to the General Circulation Models CGCM2 and ECHAM4 and projected by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (AEMET, Government of Spain). The x-axis of the annual mean temperature is adjusted on the average temperature for the period 1961–1990 (DOCX 1889 kb)

10342_2014_823_MOESM3_ESM.docx

Appendix C. Maximum and minimum values of tree age (number of ring measured) and diameter at breast height (DBH, cm) found in the sampled trees of each species. Maximum, minimum and average ± ES BAI (cm2 year−1) of each species along the model-calibration period (DOCX 15 kb)

Appendix D. Average BAI (cm2 year−1) ± ES of Eucalyptus globulus during the period 1991–2007 (N = 7) (DOCX 22 kb)

10342_2014_823_MOESM5_ESM.docx

Appendix E. Statistical results of fitting a logistic function to the tree age (estimated as number of rings measured) to the sampled trees of Acacia dealbata and Quercus robur. Asym: asymptote; xmid: x value at the inflection point of the curve; scal: numeric scale parameter on the data axis. Statistical results of fitting a polynomial function to the age of the sampled trees of Pinus pinaster (second degree polynomial) and Quercus pyrenaica (fourth degree polynomial) (DOCX 15 kb)

10342_2014_823_MOESM6_ESM.docx

Appendix F. Model selection criteria for the first-order autocorrelation structure of the BAI (BAIp) in each species. The selected model is highlighted in bold characters. K, number of explaining variables plus one constant plus the error; AICc, Akaike information criterion corrected for small samples; ΔAICc, difference in AICc with respect to the best model; Wi, relative probability to be the best model for the observed data (DOCX 15 kb)

10342_2014_823_MOESM7_ESM.docx

Appendix G. Summary graphs of the fitted linear mixed models in each species for BAI (Basal Area Increment, cm2 year−1). First row: predicted vs. observed values of BAI. Second row: residuals vs. predicted values by the linear mixed models. Third to fifth row: residuals values vs. raw values of each independent variable. BAIp, first-order autocorrelation structure of BAI; tree age at sampling height (number of rings contained and measured in each corer); time (Calendar Year) (DOCX 398 kb)

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González-Muñoz, N., Linares, J.C., Castro-Díez, P. et al. Predicting climate change impacts on native and invasive tree species using radial growth and twenty-first century climate scenarios. Eur J Forest Res 133, 1073–1086 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-014-0823-5

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