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Dupont’s Lark males start to sing earlier but reduce song rate on full moon dawns

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Abstract

Moon phase affects the ecology and behaviour of animals and may thus affect both circadian and circannual rhythms. Its influence on nocturnal and dawn bird behaviour is known, but fewer studies have examined its effect on passerines’ singing activity, some of which have yielded contradictory findings. With the aim of elucidating whether moon phase affects dawn singing in passerines, we recorded dawn singing activity of the Dupont’s Lark Chersophilus duponti in three mediterranean shrub-steppes, through repeated sampling over three lunar cycles per breeding season in 2 years. Our results corroborate the idea that moon phase affects signalling behaviour of passerines. We found that, on average, dawn singing started 15 min earlier when the moon was full, due to variations in the light intensity, which seems to act as a trigger for singing activity in the Dupont’s Lark. Nonetheless, the dawn chorus finished at the same time regardless of moon phase, maybe due to a low contribution of moonlight as sunrise approaches. As a consequence, performance time increased during full moon nights. However, the total production of songs did not differ between moon phases, and therefore, song rate was lower during full moons. Reduced song rate on full moon nights could be a response of singing males to reduce their predation risk, since singing on bright nights can increase the ability of predators to locate them, but it could be also related to the energetic cost of longer choruses. The consequences of moon phase for mate attraction, reproductive success and behaviour in this and other bird species remain unknown, and thus our research can serve as a starting point from which to develop new studies.

Zusammenfassung

Bei Vollmond beginnen Männchen der Dupontlerche früher mit ihrem Gesang, verringern jedoch die Gesangsrate.

Die Mondphase beeinflusst die Ökologie und das Verhalten von Tieren und kann sowohl auf Tages- als auch auf Jahresrhythmen wirken. Ihr Einfluss auf das Verhalten von Vögeln bei Nacht und während der Dämmerung ist bekannt, doch eine geringere Zahl von Studien hat die Wirkung der Mondphase auf die Gesangsaktivität von Singvögeln untersucht und z. T. widersprüchliche Ergebnisse geliefert. Um herauszufinden, ob die Mondphase den Gesang von Singvögeln in der Morgendämmerung beeinflusst, haben wir die Gesangsaktivität der Dupontlerche Chersophilus duponti während der Dämmerung in drei mediterranen Strauchsteppengebieten aufgenommen, und zwar wiederholt in drei Mondzyklen pro Brutsaison über zwei Jahre hinweg. Unsere Ergebnisse stützen die Idee, dass die Mondphase das Signalverhalten von Singvögeln beeinflusst. Wir fanden heraus, dass der Morgenchor bei Vollmond durchschnittlich 15 Minuten früher begann, bedingt durch Schwankungen der Lichtintensität, was bei der Dupontlerche offenbar Gesangsaktivität auslöst. Nichtsdestotrotz endete der Morgenchor ungeachtet der Mondphase zur selben Zeit, möglicherweise da das Mondlicht mit nahendem Sonnenaufgang relativ schwächer wird. Infolgedessen nahm die Gesangszeit in Vollmondnächten zu. Insgesamt unterschied sich die Gesangserzeugung zwischen verschiedenen Mondphasen jedoch nicht, wodurch die Gesangsrate bei Vollmond niedriger war. Eine verringerte Gesangsrate in Vollmondnächten könnte eine Verhaltensantwort singender Männchen sein, die darauf abzielt, das Prädationsrisiko herabzusetzen, da Fressfeinde singende Männchen in hellen Nächten besser orten könnten. Die mit längeren Strophen verbundenen Energiekosten stellen jedoch eine mögliche alternative Erklärung dar. Die Folgen der Mondphase für die Anziehung von Partnern, den Fortpflanzungserfolg und das Verhalten bei dieser und anderen Vogelarten bleiben ungeklärt, und somit kann unsere Forschung als Startpunkt für die Entwicklung neuer Studien dienen.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the Servicio de Vida Silvestre of Conselleria d´Infraestructures, Territori i Medi Ambient (Generalitat Valenciana) and Juan Jiménez for supporting our work. We thank Sarah Young for help with the written English. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers, whose comments helped to improve the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Cristian Pérez-Granados.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The datasets generated during and analysed during the current study are available in the Figshare repository, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7820300.v1.

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Communicated by T. S. Osiejuk.

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Pérez-Granados, C., López-Iborra, G.M. Dupont’s Lark males start to sing earlier but reduce song rate on full moon dawns. J Ornithol 161, 421–428 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01731-1

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