Abstract
Moult is an extremely time-consuming and energy-demanding task for large birds. In addition, there is a trade-off between the time devoted to moulting and that invested in other activities such as breeding and/or territory exploration. Moreover, it takes a long time to grow a long feather in large birds, and large birds that need to fly while moulting cannot tolerate large gaps in the wing, but only one or two simultaneously growing feathers. As a consequence, large birds take several years to complete a full moult cycle, and they resume the moult process during suboptimal conditions. A clear example of this pattern is the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), which needs 2–3 years for changing all flight feathers. Here we describe the sequence, extent, and timing of moult of 124 Bearded Vultures in detail for the first time. We found that extent and timing of flight feather moult was different between age classes. Subadults (from 3rd to 5th calendar year) started moult, on average, in early March, whereas adults only started moult, on average, in late April, possibly due to breeding requirements. Second calendar year individuals delayed onset of moult until the middle of May. In general, the moult lasted until November, and although adults started to moult later than subadults, they moulted more feathers. Subadults needed 3 years for moulting all flight feathers, whereas adults normally completed it in 2 years.
Zusammenfassung
Die Flugfedermauser beim Bartgeier
Die Mauser ist ein extrem zeit- und energieaufwändiger Vorgang für große Vögel. Darüber hinaus gibt es einen Konflikt zwischen der Zeit, die für die Mauser aufgebracht wird und derjenigen, die in andere Aktivitäten investiert werden kann, so wie Brüten oder territoriale Exploration. Außerdem braucht das Wachstum einer langen Feder bei großen Vögeln lange; und große Vögel, die darauf angewiesen sind während der Mauser zu fliegen, können sich keine größeren Lücken in den Flügeln leisten, sondern nur ein oder zwei gleichzeitig nachwachsende Federn. Als Konsequenz braucht es mehrere Jahre, bis große Vögel einen vollen Mauserzyklus vollendet haben, und sie nehmen die Mauser unter suboptimalen Bedingungen wieder auf. Ein deutliches Beispiel für dieses Muster ist der Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus), der zwei bis drei Jahre braucht für einen kompletten Wechsel seiner Flugfedern. Hier beschreiben wir zum ersten Mal im Detail die Abfolge, das Ausmaß und das Timing der Mauser von 124 Bartgeiern. Wir fanden, dass Ausmaß und Timing der Flugfedermauser sich zwischen Altersklassen unterschied. Subadulte (vom dritten bis fünften Kalenderjahr) begannen die Mauser, im Durchschnitt, im frühen März, während die Mauser der Adulten im Durchschnitt erst im späten April begann, möglicherweise aufgrund von Zwängen im Zusammenhang mit der Brut. Individuen im zweiten Kalenderjahr verzögerten den Beginn der Mauser bis Mitte Mai. Generell dauerte die Mauser bis November, und obwohl Adulte mit der Mauser später begannen als Subadulte, mauserten sie mehr Federn. Subadulte brauchten drei Jahre zur Mauser sämtlicher Flugfedern, während dagegen Adulte normalerweise in zwei Jahren fertig waren.
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Acknowledgments
This paper has been developed under the agreement signed by the Foundation for the Conservation of the Bearded Vulture (FCQ), Aragón regional government and the Spanish Ministry of Environment, under the actions of the Bearded Vulture Recovery Plan in Aragón and the Bearded Vulture Reintroduction Program in Picos de Europa. We are indebted to the Departamento de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente (Aragón regional government), European Union (LIFE 1998–2006, and INTERREG IIIA 2002–2006 programs), MIMAM (Spain), Guardia Civil (GREIM), Aragón Forest Rangers (APN), Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre at La Alfranca (Zaragoza), LVFS, IREC-CSIC, EBD-CSIC, SEO/BirdLife, “Aragón” Ringing Group, Trango, Zeiss and Land Rover. Thanks to J Guiral, J Insausti and M. Alcantara. G. González, I. Otra, J. Serra, J. Sánchez, J. Marti, S. Marcedos, J. Vecino, D. Forsman, for sharing with us their picture collections of Bearded Vultures. L Palomares helped us drawing the Fig. 4. Special thanks are due to all the members of the FCQ and particularly to O Díez, G Baguena, L Lorente, R Antor, G Chéliz, JC Ascaso and JC Gonzalez. Two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on the manuscript. This paper complies with the current laws in Spain. The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.
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Communicated by F. Bairlein.
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Zuberogoitia, I., Gil, J.A., Martínez, J.E. et al. The flight feather moult pattern of the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus). J Ornithol 157, 209–217 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1269-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1269-3