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Tree-cavity availability and selection by a large-bodied secondary cavity-nester: the Military Macaw

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Abstract

Large-bodied secondary cavity-nesters are constrained to use cavities of sufficient size to permit access, while also selecting characteristics to reduce predation. However, no information exists on nest-site availability for large-bodied secondary cavity-nesters in tropical forests. We located 12 tree-cavity nests of the threatened Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in tropical dry semi-deciduous forest in Jalisco, Mexico. For each nest, we determined cavity characteristics, and compared the structure of nest-trees with nearest-neighbor trees. We also established four 100 × 50 m transects in each of deciduous, semi-deciduous, and oak forest to determine tree-cavity availability over 6 ha. Military Macaw nest-sites occurred most frequently in cavities of live Enterolobium cyclocarpum trees. Nest-trees had significantly larger diameter and ramification height than the four nearest-neighbor trees, indicating that macaws selected tall emergent trees as nest-sites. Cavities used as nest-sites by Military Macaws were also in significantly larger trees, at a greater height, and had larger entrance diameter and depth than all accessible cavities. Height above the ground was the main criteria predicting nest-cavity selection, possibly to reduce predation risk. There was also a negative correlation of nest-cavity height with depth, suggesting a trade-off in which Military Macaws may select a nest-cavity high above the ground regardless of depth, but when using lower cavities these tend to be deeper. We found a low density of cavities with characteristics suitable for nesting, and these were concentrated in semi-deciduous forest. Our results demonstrate that the Military Macaw exhibits species-specific selection of nest-cavities, with a low density of cavities suitable for large-bodied secondary cavity-nesters in tropical forests.

Zusammenfassung

Baumhöhlenangebot und Nistplatzwahl bei einem großen sekundären Höhlenbrüter: dem Soldatenara

Große sekundäre Höhlenbrüter sind auf Höhlen angewiesen, die groß genug sind, um Zugang zu bieten, gleichzeitig aber auch Eigenschaften aufweisen, welche das Prädationsrisiko verringern. Allerdings gibt es bislang keine Informationen zur Nistplatzverfügbarkeit für große sekundäre Höhlenbrüter in tropischen Wäldern. Wir ermittelten zwölf Nisthöhlen des bedrohten Soldatenaras Ara militaris in einem trockenen Tropenmischwald in Jalisco, Mexiko. Für jedes Nest bestimmten wir die Höhleneigenschaften und verglichen die Struktur der Nistbäume mit den nächstbenachbarten Bäumen. Außerdem legten wir je vier 100 × 50 m-Transekte durch Laubwald, Mischwald und Eichenwald, um das Höhlenangebot auf einer Fläche von über sechs Hektar zu bestimmen. Die Soldatenara-Nester fanden sich am häufigsten in Höhlen lebender Enterolobium cyclocarpum-Bäume. Nistbäume waren von signifikant größerem Durchmesser und Verzweigungshöhe als die vier nächstbenachbarten Bäume, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Aras hoch herausragende Bäume als Brutplätze wählten. Die von den Soldatenaras genutzten Höhlen befanden sich in signifikant größeren Bäumen, in größerer Höhe und hatten größeren Eingangsdurchmesser und -tiefe als die übrigen zugänglichen Höhlen. Der Abstand vom Boden war das Hauptkriterium für eine Voraussage der Nisthöhlenwahl, möglicherweise weil dieser das Prädationsrisiko verringern kann. Außerdem bestand eine negative Korrelation zwischen der Höhe der Nisthöhle und deren Tiefe, was auf einen Kompromiss hindeutet, bei dem Soldatenaras bei der Wahl hochgelegener Nisthöhlen nicht auf deren Tiefe achten, bei niedrigerer gelegenen Höhlen aber tendenziell tiefere nutzen. Wir fanden nur eine geringe Dichte von zum Nisten geeigneten Höhlen, und diese konzentrierten sich auf den Mischwald. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Soldatenara eine artspezifische Nisthöhlenwahl zeigt, wobei die Dichte an für große sekundäre Höhlenbrüter geeigneten Baumhöhlen in tropischen Wäldern gering ist.

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Acknowledgments

The study was conducted in partial fulfillment of a doctoral thesis by S.M.P.M. at the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), who was supported by a student grant from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT 220278). A.S.M. was supported by a Postdoctoral grant from CONACyT (98294), and L.G.M.L. was supported by a CONACyT Masters student grant. The research was funded by the Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT grant IN203012) of UNAM, CONACyT 179877, and the Loro Parque Fundación A.C., to K.R. The Dirección General de Vida Silvestre of the Secretaria del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales provided permits for the study, and the research complies with Mexican law. We are grateful to the Cajón de Peñas local community for permission to work on their lands, and thank Bonnie Jauregui for logistical support. Assistance in the field was provided by Christian A. Montes Medina, while Patricia Escalante and Miguel De Labra Hernández assisted with measurements of Military Macaw specimens in the Colección Nacional de Aves, of the Instituto de Biología, UNAM. Kristina Cockle and an anonymous reviewer provided constructive comments that improved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Katherine Renton.

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Communicated by C. Barbraud.

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de la Parra-Martínez, S.M., Renton, K., Salinas-Melgoza, A. et al. Tree-cavity availability and selection by a large-bodied secondary cavity-nester: the Military Macaw. J Ornithol 156, 489–498 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1150-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1150-9

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