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Suitable, reachable but not colonised: seasonal niche duality in an endemic mountainous songbird

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Abstract

The realized distribution of animals is often delimited by climatic factors which define, next to the specific habitat and food availability, their species-specific potential distribution. We studied the environmental limitations affecting the realized breeding and wintering distributions of the Citril Finch (Carduelis citrinella), one of the few endemic bird species of European mountain ranges. To assess the environmental limits that shape the seasonal distribution, we used species distribution models (SDMs) derived from macroclimate in combination with land cover information. Our data suggest a high congruence between the potential modelled breeding distribution of the Citril Finch and the currently known breeding sites, indicating a high level of niche filling. The unusual absence in several suitable breeding habitats at the eastern and northern range limit (Eastern Alps, Carpathians, Bavarian Forest, Harz Mountains, Fichtelgebirge, Krkonoše Mountains) is likely linked to a combination of both missing resources and restricted physiological migration capacities from the available wintering grounds. Since the accomplished migratory distances hardly exceed more than 500 km, it seems likely that the distance to the main wintering areas is too large for exceeding eastern and northern range limits. We discuss the differences in SDM outcomes when including distal predictor variables instead of using proximal predictors alone, and highlight the importance of considering a seasonal niche duality to gain more insights into complex range effects in species with seasonal ranges.

Zusammenfassung

Geeignet, erreichbar aber unbesiedelt: saisonale Nischendualität bei einem endemischen Singvogel europäischer Gebirgsregionen

Die realisierte Verbreitung von Arten wird oft durch klimatische Faktoren begrenzt, die gemeinsam mit dem charakteristischen Habitat und der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit die artspezifische potentielle Verbreitung definiert. In dieser Studie untersuchten wir die umweltbedingten Faktoren, welche das Brut- und Winterareal des Zitronenzeisigs (Carduelis citrinella) limitieren. Um die begrenzenden Faktoren der saisonalen Verbreitungen zu quantifizieren, nutzten wir Artverbreitungsmodelle basierend auf bioklimatischen Variablen in Kombination mit Landnutzungsinformationen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine hohe Übereinstimmung der modellierten potentiellen Verbreitung mit der derzeitig bekannten Verbreitung der Art, was auf einen hohen Grad an Nischenfüllung („niche filling“) schließen lässt. Klimatisch geeignete, jedoch unbesiedelte Brutgebiete entlang des nördlich und östlich gelegenen Arealrandes (östliche Alpen, Karpaten, Bayerischer Wald, Harz, Fichtel- und Riesengebirge) sind höchstwahrscheinlich durch eine Kombination aus fehlenden Ressourcen einerseits und begrenzter physiologischer Migrationsleistung andererseits zu erklären. Da die bekannten Zugdistanzen nur selten weiter als 500 km reichen, ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die Entfernung dieser Gebiete im Norden und im Osten zu den Hauptüberwinterungsgebieten zu groß ist. Wir diskutieren die Unterschiede in den Modellresultaten zwischen einer Prädiktorauswahl, die auch distale Prädiktorvariablen beeinhaltet, und einer mit rein proximalen Variablen. Wir unterstreichen, dass die Berücksichtigung der saisonalen Nischendualität zusätzliche Einsichten in komplexe Arealeffekte bei Arten mit saisonalen Verbreitungen gewährt.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to D. Alonso, J.M. Alonso, T.P. Aparisi, J. Arizaga, P. Bergier, S. Blache, T. Borras, J. Cabrera, T. Cabrera, J. Cañadas, J. Calleja, C. de Jaime, E. del Val, A. Godino, R. Hevia, R. Kilzer, J.J. Lorite, G. López, H. Märki, T. Mihelic, M. Quintana, S. Peregrina, P. Perret, J.J. Pfeffer, R. Probst, J. Rivas, J.C. Senar and B. Štumberger for providing data on breeding and wintering areas. T. Gottschalk, K. Schidelko and two anonymous reviewers gave valuable comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany

    Jan O. Engler, Dennis Rödder & Darius Stiels

  2. Department of Wildlife Management, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Jan O. Engler

  3. Department of Monitoring and Research, National Park Black Forest, Schwarzwaldhochstraße 2, 77889, Seebach, Germany

    Marc I. Förschler

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Engler, J.O., Rödder, D., Stiels, D. et al. Suitable, reachable but not colonised: seasonal niche duality in an endemic mountainous songbird. J Ornithol 155, 657–669 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1049-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1049-5

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