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Early evening activity of migratory Garden Warbler Sylvia borin: compass calibration activity?

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Abstract

It has been shown that songbird migrants can use several compass cues for orientation (e.g. sun position at sunset and possibly sunrise and related polarised light cues, stars and the geomagnetic field); therefore, the obtained information is redundant. This suggests that compasses of migratory birds must have certain hierarchical relationships and be calibrated. Currently, it is not known how avian compass calibration is accomplished. We report the results of our experiments with Garden Warblers Sylvia borin, long-distance songbird migrants. We tested the birds in two experimental conditions: in a local magnetic field with access to a starry sky (Control group) and in a vertical magnetic field that does not provide magnetic compass information with access to stars (Clear sky experimental group) or without it (Overcast experimental group), and analysed locomotor activity and orientation in all three groups. For the Garden Warblers from the control and experimental groups, we revealed two periods of activity separated by a quiescent period: twilight and nocturnal periods. The average direction for both periods of activity showed no significant difference in the control group. Birds from the experimental group were disoriented in both periods. Birds from the clear sky and overcast groups were also disoriented. These data suggest that long-distance songbird migrants, particularly the Garden Warbler, need information from the geomagnetic field, but not from the stars, at sunset and during twilight in order to choose the correct migratory direction. The nocturnal period of migratory activity probably represents actual migratory flight, while the nature of the twilight period remains unknown. The results of the present work and data from prior cue-conflict experiments on other species suggest that the twilight period may correspond to compass calibration activity.

Zusammenfassung

Dient die frühabendliche Aktivität ziehender Gartengrasmücken Sylvia borin der Kompasskalibrierung?

Es ist bekannt, dass Singvögel auf dem Zug verschiedene Kompassinformationen (zum Beispiel den Sonnenstand bei Sonnenuntergang und möglicherweise bei Sonnenaufgang sowie damit zusammenhängende Polarisationsverhältnisse, die Sterne und das Erdmagnetfeld) zur Orientierung nutzen können; daher beinhalten diese Informationen eine gewisse Redundanz. Dies legt nahe, dass die Kompasssysteme von Zugvögeln einer bestimmten Hierarchie unterliegen und kalibriert werden müssen. Derzeit ist nicht bekannt, wie Vögel diese Kompasskalibrierung bewerkstelligen. Hier stellen wir die Ergebnisse unserer Versuche an Gartengrasmücken Sylvia borin, einer langstreckenziehenden Singvogelart, vor. Die Vögel wurden unter zwei verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen getestet: in einem lokalen Magnetfeld mit Zugang zum Sternenhimmel (Kontrollgruppe) beziehungsweise in einem vertikalen Magnetfeld, welches keine magnetischen Kompassinformationen liefert, jeweils mit (Versuchsgruppe bei klarem Himmel) oder ohne (Versuchsgruppe bei bewölktem Himmel) Zugang zum Sternenhimmel; die lokomotorische Aktivität und die Orientierungsrichtung aller drei Gruppen wurden anschließend analysiert. Gartengrasmücken aus Kontroll- und Versuchsgruppen zeigten zwei von einer Ruheperiode unterbrochene Aktivitätsphasen, jeweils zur Dämmerung beziehungsweise während der Nacht. Die Durchschnittsrichtung beider Aktivitätsphasen wies bei der Kontrollgruppe keinen signifikanten Unterschied auf. Die Vögel der Versuchsgruppen zeigten während beider Phasen Desorientierung. Sowohl die Vögel bei klarem als auch die bei bewölktem Himmel waren desorientiert. Diese Befunde legen nahe, dass langstreckenziehende Singvögel, speziell die Gartengrasmücke, bei Sonnenuntergang und in zur Dämmerungszeit zwar erdmagnetische Informationen benötigen, um die richtige Zugrichtung zu wählen, aber dafür nicht auf den Sternenhimmel angewiesen sind. Die nächtliche Phase der Zugaktivität repräsentiert möglicherweise den eigentlichen Migrationsflug, während die Funktion der Dämmerungsphase unbekannt bleibt. Die Ergebnisse aktueller Versuche und Daten aus früheren Sinneskonflikt-Experimenten an anderen Arten legen nahe, dass die Dämmerungsphase möglicherweise Aktivität zur Kompasskalibrierung widerspiegelt.

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Acknowledgments

We are most grateful to Vitaly Grinkevich, Dmitry Kobylkov and Natalia Danilkiv who helped us in catching and keeping the birds, and in preparing and conducting our experiments. We thank Vadim Kotov and Dmitry Kishkinev for their valuable comments on the manuscript. The authors are grateful to two reviewers, Henrik Mouritsen and Heiko Schmaljohann, whose constructive comments helped us revise an earlier draft. This study was supported by grant 12-04-00296a from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

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Correspondence to Alexander Pakhomov.

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Pakhomov, A., Chernetsov, N. Early evening activity of migratory Garden Warbler Sylvia borin: compass calibration activity?. J Ornithol 155, 621–630 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1044-x

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