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White-tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) defend small home ranges in north-east Germany throughout the year

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Abstract

Location data of four White-tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) (WTSE) from four pairs equipped with GPS data loggers or automated GPS–GSM units and visual behaviour observations were used to record their home range size and territoriality. Between 18 and 571 positions were received from the satellite devices. Extensive excursions were identified by defining the distance to the activity centre and have been removed before home ranges were computed. Home range size varied considerably among the individuals tracked. Minimum convex polygons, with outliers removed, ranged between 2.25 and 19.16 km2 and 95 % kernel contours (calculated in Ranges 8) varied from 2.37 to 12.04 km2 in the Mecklenburg Lake District. Occurrence of territorial behaviour as identified by visual observations changed significantly throughout the year with a maximum in May and a minimum in December. An optimal habitat quality characterized by shallow and fish-rich freshwater lakes with undisturbed nesting areas in surrounding forests is a prerequisite for small home ranges and for the high abundance of breeding birds found within the Mecklenburg Lake district. The year-round territoriality is attributed to a sufficient food supply throughout the seasons, either by mild winters allowing access to fish and/or waterfowl on open waters or, in hard winters, to the availability of carcasses and remains of larger animals from hunting activities when frozen lakes restricte access to prey.

Zusammenfassung

Seeadler ( Haliaeetus abicilla ) verteidigen ihre Streifgebiete ganzjährig im Nordosten Deutschlands

Zur Erfassung der Streifgebietsgröße und Territorialität wurden Positionsdaten von vier Seeadlern (Haliaeetus albicilla) aus vier Paaren die mit GPS Datenspeichern oder automatischen GP-GSM Geräten ausgestattet waren, zusammen mit Verhaltensbeobachtungen genutzt. Die Satellitenempfänger zeichneten zwischen 18 und 571 Lokalisationen auf. Vor der Berechnung der Streifgebietsgrößen wurden extensive Exkursionen, die durch ihre Distanz zum Aktivitätszentrum identifiziert werden konnten, entfernt. Die Streifgebietsgröße variierte erheblich zwischen den untersuchten Vögeln. So rangierten Seeadlerstreifgebiete in der Mecklenburger Seenplatte bei den Minimum Konvex Polygonen zwischen 2.25 und 19.16 km² und bei den 95 % Kernel Analysen (berechnet in Ranges 8) zwischen 2.37 und 12.04 km². Das durch Sichtbeobachtungen ermittelte Territorialverhalten änderte sich im Jahresverlauf signifikant und zeigte ein Maximum im Mai und ein Minimum in Dezember. Die optimale Habitatqualität ist hier durch fischreiche Flachgewässer und ungestörte Brutbereiche in den die Seen umgebenden Wäldern charakterisiert und somit eine Voraussetzung für die kleinen Streifgebiete der Seeadler und die hohe Dichte an Brutpaaren innerhalb der Mecklenburger Seenplatte. Die Territorialität der Adler ist durch eine ganzjährige Nahrungsverfügbarkeit begründet, wenn aufgrund von milden Wintern Zugang zu Fischen und/oder Wasservögeln auf offenen Wasserflächen besteht. In strengen Wintern mit zugefrorenen Seen ist die Territorialität der Seeadler auch durch das Vorhandensein von Kadavern bzw. Aufbrüchen/Teilen von in der Jagd erlegten Tieren, wenn der Zugang zu anderer Beute eingeschränkt ist, begründet.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Klara-Samariter Foundation and to the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) for their financial support of the study (FKZ 0330720A). The study was also greatly supported by the authorities of the nature park Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heide and by the Reepsholt Foundation for nature protection and sustainable use of natural resources. Several volunteers assisted during field work, but especially Wiebke Krone and Norbert Kenntner who helped in capturing eagles. Bryan Bedrosian, Mark Fuller, Sean Walls and Phil Whitfield provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript as well as two anonymous reviewers. In addition, we would like to thank Andreas Boldt who provided the data of the trigonometric point used to calculate accuracy of the GPS receivers. Robert Schulte from Vectronic Aerospace continuously translated our ideas into the improvement of the devices.

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Correspondence to Oliver Krone.

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Communicated by T. Gottschalk.

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Krone, O., Nadjafzadeh, M. & Berger, A. White-tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) defend small home ranges in north-east Germany throughout the year. J Ornithol 154, 827–835 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-013-0951-6

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