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Taxonomy and geographic variation of the Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819 species-complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

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Abstract

The species-group composed of the eastern Brazilian taxa Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819, S. infuscata O. M. O. Pinto, 1950, and S. whitneyi Pacheco and Gonzaga, 1995 is particularly intriguing as it presents interesting nomenclatural, phenomenological, and conceptual issues in avian taxonomy. Synallaxis ruficapilla was described from a specimen collected in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. Pinto (Pap Avulsos do Dep de Zool 9:361–364, 1950) noticed plumage differences between Pernambuco specimens and the southern specimens that led him to describe S. ruficapilla infuscata, a taxon subsequently elevated to specific status. Pacheco and Gonzaga (Ararajuba 3:3–11, 1995) described a new species, Synallaxis whitneyi, from specimens collected at Boa Nova, Bahia. Essentially, S. whitneyi is paler (gray) than S. infuscata but darker than the whitish-brown S. ruficapilla. Despite the intermediate position of Synallaxis whitneyi, Pacheco and Gonzaga (1995) defended its validity based on its unique vocalization and morphology. Thereafter, S. whitneyi was synonymized in S. cinerea, but this synonymy was deemed invalid by Stopiglia and Raposo (Zootaxa 1166:49–55, 2006). Our objective was to review the taxonomy of the Synallaxis ruficapilla species-group. Our analysis showed that only S. ruficapilla and S. infuscata can be considered valid species;, that S. whitneyi is a synonym of S. ruficapilla, and that S. ruficapilla shows complex geographic variation in morphology and voice that has led other authors to consider a geographic variant as a third species in the complex.

Zusammenfassung

Taxonomie und geographische Variationen des Rotkappen-Dickichtschlüpfers Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819 (Aves: Passeriformes: Furnariidae (Töpfervögel))

Die Artengruppe, die sich aus den ost-brasilianischen Taxa Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819, S. infuscata O. M. O. Pinto, 1950, und S. whitneyi Pacheco und Gonzaga, 1995, zusammensetzt, ist besonders reizvoll, weil sie eine Reihe von Fragen zur Nomenklatur, Phänomenologie und zu konzeptionellen Fragestellungen in der Vogel-Taxonomie aufwirft. Synallaxis ruficapilla wurde anhand eines Exemplars aus der Umgebung von Rio de Janeiro beschrieben. Pinto (1950) beschrieb Gefiederunterschiede zwischen Pernambuco-Exemplaren und den südlichen Exemplaren, die ihn dazu brachten, S. ruficapilla infuscate zu beschreiben, ein Taxon, das anschließend zu einem besonderen Status erhoben wurde. Pacheco und Gonzaga (1995) beschrieben eine neue Art, Synallaxis whitneyi, anhand von Exemplaren, die in Boa Nova, Bahia, gesammelt wurden. Im Wesentlichen ist S. whitneyi blasser (grau) als S. infuscata, aber dunkler als die weißlich-braune S. ruficapilla. Trotz dieser Zwischenposition von Synallaxis whitneyi verteidigten Pacheco und Gonuaga (1995) die Gültigkeit ihrer Beschreibung und begründeten sie mit der einzigartigen Vokalisierung und Morphologie. Später wurde S. whitneyi mit S. cinera synonymisiert, was von Stopiglia und Raposo (2006) jedoch wieder für ungültig erklärt wurde. Das Ziel unserer Untersuchung war, die Taxonomie der ganzen Synallaxis ruficapilla-Artengruppe zu überprüfen. Unsere Analyse zeigte, dass nur S. ruficapilla und S. infuscata als eigene Arten angesehen werden können. S. whitneyi und S. ruficapilla sind synonym, und S. ruficapilla zeigt ausgeprägte geographische Variationen in Aussehen und Stimme, die andere Autoren dazu verleitet hatte, die geographische Variante als eine dritte Art innerhalb dieser Artengruppe anzusprechen.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro for their support of Renata Stopiglia (Bolsa Nota 10, E-26/150.404/2005) and Marcos A. Raposo (Proc. E-26/101.489/2010) as well as to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico for support provided to Marcos A. Raposo (Procs. no. 479049/2006-8, 476861/2009-8 and 301350/2008-6). The American Museum of Natural History provided financial assistance for a visit by Renata Stopiglia in 2005. The invaluable assistance of the following collection managers, curators, and staff is also acknowledged: Joel Cracraft, Paul Sweet, Shannon Kenney, Camila Ribas, Jose G. Tello, Mary LeCroy and Tom Baione; François Voisin and Eric Pasquet; Luís Fábio Silveira; Severino Mendes de Azevedo Junior; Alexandre Aleixo and Fátima Lima; Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga; Rômulo Ribon; Marcelo Vasconcelos and Marcos Rodrigues; Wesley R. Silva and Geraldo Mattos. Marcos Maldonado and Ricardo Parrini supplied vocal material of relevant taxa. We are also grateful to Dr Franz Bairlein and to the referees Jon Fjeldså and Niels Krabbe for their important comments during the editing process. The Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis provided collecting permits to Marcos A. Raposo and Renata Stopiglia. We also acknowledge the invaluable contributions of Jason Weckstein, Guy Kirwan and Jorge Nacinovic, who corrected our English. All work related to collect birds was made according to Brazilian law.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Setor de Ornitologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040, Brazil

    Renata Stopiglia, Marcos A. Raposo & Dante M. Teixeira

Authors
  1. Renata Stopiglia
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  2. Marcos A. Raposo
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  3. Dante M. Teixeira
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcos A. Raposo.

Additional information

Communicated by J. Fjeldså.

Appendices

Appendix 1

List of skins analyzed during this study (state: municipality; locality; author; collection and number). Acronyms: AMNH, American Museum of Natural History; DZUFMG, Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology; MHN, Coleção de Aves do Museu de História Natural Professor Dr. Adão José Cardoso/Unicamp; MN, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; MNHN, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris; MPEG, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; MZ-UFV, Museu de Zoologia João Moojen de Oliveira; MZUSP, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo; UFPE, Coleção de Aves da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Specimens followed by asterisco (*) were previously identified as S. whitneyi.

Synallaxis ruficapilla. ARGENTINA, Corrientes: Mercedes, M, AMNH794628; Mercedes, M, AMNH794629; Mercedes, M, AMNH794630; Mercedes, M, AMNH794632; Mercedes, M, AMNH794633; Mercedes, M, AMNH794634; Mercedes, M, AMNH794635; Mercedes, M, AMNH794636; Mercedes, F, AMNH794640; Mercedes, F, AMNH794642; Mercedes, F, AMNH794644; Mercedes, F, AMNH794645; Mercedes, F, AMNH798884. Misiones: Arroyo—Uruguai Km 30, M, AMNH770579; Arroyo—Uruguai Km 30, F, AMNH770583; Arroyo—Uruguai Km 30, F, AMNH770586; Arroyo—Uruguai Km 30, F, AMNH770595; Arroyo—Uruguai Km 30, F, AMNH770596; Barra Concepción, M, AMNH794646; Barra Concepción, M, AMNH794647; Barra Concepción, F, AMNH794650; Barra Concepción, F, AMNH794652; Barra Concepción, F, AMNH794652; Barra Concepción, F, AMNH794653. BRAZIL, Bahia: Boa Nova, M, MZUSP74011*; Boa Nova, F, MZUSP74012*; Boa Nova, F, MZUSP74013*; Chapada Diamantina, Ibicoara, F, MN42738*; Ilhéus, F, AMNH6811*; Ilhéus, M, AMNH6812*; Ilhéus, M, AMNH6813*; Mata Doida, Bonito, M, MN43044*; Morro do Chapéu, M, MN43055*; Morro do Chapéu, F, MN43057*. Espírito Santo: Baixo Guandú, Fazenda Serra, M, MN15260; Chaves, Santa Leopoldina; F; MZUSP28532; Chaves, Santa Leopoldina, F, MZUSP28533; Jatibocas, M, MN27182; Santa Teresa, F, DZUFMG735; Santa Teresa, M, DZUFMG738; Santa Teresa, F, DZUFMG736; Santa Teresa, córrego Santa Ana, M, DZUFMG737; Santa Teresa, F, MN19750; Santa Teresa, M, MN25929; Santa Teresa, F, MN25994. Goiás: Fazenda Transvaal, Rio Verde, M, MCZ269935. Mato Grosso: Vila Rica, 143, 25, 83, 84, 85 and 86 (Luis Fábio Silveira’s field numbers). Minas Gerais: Almenara, Fazenda Limoeiro, M, UFV1390-479*; Almenara, Fazenda Limoeiro, M, MN44022*; Almenara, Fazenda Limoeiro, M, MN44023*; Brumal, Santa Bárbara, Fazenda Bocaina, F, UFPE1411; Brumal, Santa Bárbara, Fazenda Bocaina, F, UFPE1412; Brumal, Santa Bárbara, Fazenda Bocaina, M, DZUFMG4470; Brumal, Santa Bárbara, Fazenda Bocaina, M, DZUFMG4469; Brumal, Santa Bárbara, Fazenda Bocaina, M, DZUFMG3665; Brumal, Santa Bárbara, Fazenda Bocaina, F, DZUFMG4471; Brumal, Santa Bárbara, Fazenda Bocaina, M, DZUFMG2798; Caparaó, M, MN15226; Caraça, Santa Bárbara, M, DZUFMG739; Fazenda Boa Esperança, São José, M, MZUSP25603; Fazenda Boa Esperança, São José, F, MZUSP25604; Fazenda São João, Viçosa, F, MN8006; Fazenda Taveira, Mariana, F, MN15257; Itumirim, Mata da Curva, F, DZUFMG3779; Mariana, Barro Branco, F, DZUFMG4263; Mata do Jambreiro, Nova Lima, M, DZUFMG4449; Mata do Jambreiro, Nova Lima, M, DZUFMG4448; Perdões, Mata do Cambraia, M, DZUFMG4151; Perdões, Mata do Cambraia, M, DZUFMG4152; Perdões, Mata do Cambraia, M, DZUFMG3079; Perdões, Mata do Cambraia, M, DZUFMG3080; Rio Novo, M, UFV1444-476; Santa Maria do Salto, M, MN44015; Santa Maria do Salto, M, MN44016; Santa Maria do Salto, M, MN44017; Santa Maria do Salto, M, UFV1368; São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, F, DZUFMG3685; São Miguel, M, UFV306-471; São Paulo de Muriaé, M, MN15266; São Paulo de Muriaé, M, MN15267; São Paulo de Muriaé, M, MN15271; São Paulo de Muriaé, F, MN15272; São Paulo de Muriaé, F, MN15274; Serra do Caparaó, Boa Espera, F, AMNH316767; Serra do Caparaó, Fazenda Emmerinck, M, AMNH316760; Serra do Caparaó, Fazenda Emmerinck, F, AMNH316761; Serra do Caparaó, Fazendinha, M, AMNH316762; Serra do Caparaó, Fazendinha, M, AMNH316763; Serra do Caparaó, Fazendinha, F, AMNH316764; Serra do Caparaó, rio Caparão, M, AMNH316765; Serra do Caparaó, rio Caparão, F, AMNH316766; Serra do Caraça, F, DZUFMG740; Serra do Caraça, M, DZUFMG741; Serra do Matapau, Ouro Preto, M, MN15273; Taboões, Serra do Caraça, Santa Bárbara, M, DZUFMG4456; Taboões, Serra do Caraça, Santa Bárbara, F, DZUFMG4455; Turmalina, Fazenda Campo Limpo, M, DZUFMG3874; Varginha, Piranga, M, UFV301-475; Viçosa, M, MN44014; Viçosa, M, UFV299-470; Viçosa, F, UFV300-474; Viçosa, F, UFV302-472; Viçosa, F, UFV317-463. Paraná: Castro, M, AMNH140026; Corvo, F, MN15263; Corvo, Serra Graciosa, F, MN15268; Corvo, Serra Graciosa, F, MN15275; Ilha do rio Cubatão, M, MZUSP35395; Porto Almeida, rio Iguaçu, F, AMNH318556; Porto Britânia, rio Paraná, F, AMNH318558; Porto Mendes, rio Paraná, F, AMNH318557; Salto das Sete Quedas, Fazenda Capivari, M, MN37677; Tibagi, Fazenda Monte Alegre, F, AMNH318553. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, M, MNHN2004-711; Colonia Alpina, Teresópolis, F, MN8395; Fazenda Campestre, Campestre, F, MN36639; Fazenda Campestre, Campestre, M, MN38295; Macieiras, Serra do Itatiaia, M, AMNH189063; Matas do Garrafão, Cascatinha, M, MN38317; Murí, Nova Friburgo, F, MN30394; Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, M, MZUSP34334; Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, F, MZUSP34335; Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, F, MZUSP36334; Pedra Branca, Parati, M, MN20408; Pedra Branca, Parati, M, MN20409; Pedra Branca, Parati, F, MN20410; Petrópolis, M, AMNH523328; Petrópolis, F, MN15256; Petrópolis, M, MN15270; Ribeirão Maromba, Mauá, M, MZUSP36439; Serra de Itatiaia, F, MN15269; Serra de Itatiaia, M, MN15276; Teresópolis, M, AMNH146940; Teresópolis, F, MN8357; Teresópolis, F, MN8390; Teresópolis, F, MN8397; Teresópolis, M, MN37602; Teresópolis, Fazenda Boa Fé, M, MN24034; Teresópolis, Fazenda Boa Fé, F, MN24193; Teresópolis, Fazenda Boa Fé, M, MN27948; RJ; Teresópolis, Fazenda Boa Fé; F; MN; 27954; Teresópolis, Fazenda Boa Fé, M, MZUSP33276; Teresópolis, Fazenda Boa Fé, M, MZUSP33277; Teresópolis, Fazenda Boa Fé, F, MZUSP33278; Teresópolis, Fazenda Boa Fé, M, MZUSP33279; Teresópolis, Fazenda Guinle, F, MN24287; Várzea, Teresópolis, M, MN8336; Várzea, Teresópolis, F, MN8386; Várzea, Teresópolis, F, MN8388. Rio Grande do Sul: Dois Irmãos, Hamburgo Velho, M, MN15258; Erebango, M, AMNH314674; Farroupilha, F, MZUSP38768; Farroupilha, M, MZUSP38828; Farroupilha, F, MZUSP38829; Ivinimbú, F, AMNH314673; Nova Wurttemberg, M, MZUSP8913; M, AMNH314672. Santa Catarina: Fazenda Naderer, São Bento, M, MN15264; Hansa Humboldt, M, MN15255; Ouro Verde, Serra de Lucindo, M, AMNH314678; Salto de Piraí, Joinvile, F, AMNH314680; Salto de Piraí, Joinvile, F, AMNH314681; São Bento do Sul, F, MN15259; São Bento do Sul, M, MN15262; São Bento do Sul, M, MN15265. São Paulo: Barra do rio das Corujas, M, MZUSP56702; Barrocão, Ibité, M, MZUSP31305; Boracéia, M, MZUSP32181; Campo Grande, M, MPEG27989; Campo Grande, M, MPEG27990; Casa Grande, Salesópolis, M, MZUSP62680; Embura, F, MZUSP26103; Estação Engenheiro Ferraz, M, MZUSP54916; Fazenda Caiuá, Salto Grande, M, AMNH523327; Fazenda Poço Grande, rio Juquiá, M, MZUSP24150; Fazenda Santa Izabel, Ibiti, F, MZUSP31304; Floresta Estadual de Itapetininga, M, MZUSP54576; Floresta Estadual de Itapetininga, F, MZUSP62678; Floresta Estadual de Itapetininga, F, MZUSP64640; Floresta Estadual de Itapetininga, F, MZUSP64641; Interlagos, M, MZUSP53346; Itatiba, F, AMNH468410; Itatiba, M, MZUSP14475; Ituverava, M, MZUSP8253; Juquitiba, F, MZUSP75571; Mogi das Cruzes, M, MZUSP13896; Mogi das Cruzes, M, MZUSP29503; Mogi das Cruzes, F, MZUSP29504; Monte Alegre, Fazenda Bom Jesus, F, MZUSP29081; Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaia, F, AMNH189062; Paranapiacaba, F, MPEG30460; Paranapiacaba, F, MPEG30461; Piquete, M, AMNH523326; Primeiro Morro, M, MZUSP47864; Primeiro Morro, M, MZUSP49722; Primeiro Morro, M, MZUSP49728; rio Guaraú, Barro Branco, Peruíbe, M, MZUSP51370; rio Guaraú, Barro Branco, Peruíbe, M, MZUSP51371; rio Guaraú, Barro Branco, Peruíbe, F, MZUSP51372; rio Ipiranga, M, MZUSP47865; rio Juquiá, Fazenda Poço Grande, F, MZUSP24153; rio Juquiá, margem esquerda, M, MZUSP28015; rio Ribeira de Iguape, F, MZUSP66922; rio Ribeira de Iguape, F, MZUSP66923; Salesópolis, M, MPEG27672; Serra da Cantareira, M, MZUSP26869; Serra da Cantareira, São Paulo, M, MZUSP60668; Serra da Cantareira, São Paulo, M, MZUSP60669; Serra da Cantareira, São Paulo, M, MZUSP60671; Tabatinguara, Cananéia, F, MZUSP25869; Vitoriana, M, AMNH523322; Vitoriana, F, AMNH523323; Vitoriana, F, AMNH523324. PARAGUAY: east of Yhú, limbrificans Santo Antonio, M, AMNH320434.

Synallaxis infuscata. BRAZIL, Alagoas: Canoas, Vale do Pratagi, F, MZUSP37343; Engenho Riachão, Quebrangulo, M, MZUSP39020; Fazenda Pedra Talhada, Quebrangulo, M, MN37468; Fazenda Riachão, Quebrangulo, M, MN34972; Fazenda Riachão, Quebrangulo, M, MN35723; São Miguel dos Campos, M, MZUSP37342; Serra Branca, Murici, M, MN33868; Serra Branca, Murici, M, MN34532. Pernambuco: Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, M, UFPE396; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, M, UFPE431; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, M, UFPE657; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, F, UFPE661; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, F, UFPE662; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, M, UFPE673; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, F, UFPE738; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, M, UFPE876; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Fazenda Caruaru, UFPE885; Engenho Pirajá, Ipojuca, M, MN35563; Palmares, M, AMNH243246; Palmares, M, AMNH243247; Saltinho, rio Formoso, M, UFPE956; Taquaritinga do norte, torre do microondas, M, UFPE2539; Usina Nossa Senhora do Carmo, M, MZUSP34270; Usina Nossa Senhora do Carmo, F, MZUSP34271.

Appendix 2

List of vocalization analyzed (state: municipality; locality; author; collection and number). Acronyms: ASEC, Arquivo Sonoro Elias Coelho; RP, private collection of Ricardo Parrini. Vocalizations followed by asterisco (*) were previously identified as S. whitneyi.

Synallaxis ruficapilla. BRAZIL, Bahia: Boa Nova, Juan Mazar Barnett, ASEC10901* and 10902*; Boa Nova, Ricardo Parrini, RP2917*; Boa Nova, Luíz Pedreira Gonzaga, ASEC085*, 0292*, 0837*, 1559*, 1903*, 3444*, 4877* and 8890*; Bonito, Ricardo Parrini, RP2707*; Ibicoara, Ricardo Parrini, RP2130*, 2320* and 2350*; Lençóis, Ricardo Parrini, RP3142* and 2100*; Lençóis, Jeremy Minns, ASEC13*. Espírito Santo: Nova Lombardia, Ricardo Parrini, RP2211; Santa Teresa, Ricardo Parrini, RP2350; Vargem Alta, Ricardo Parrini, RP2434. Mato Grosso: Vila Rica, Fazenda Ipê, Luís Fábio Silveira, ASEC7971, 7972, 7967, 7968, 7969, 7970, 7973 and 7974. Minas Gerais: Almenara; Rômulo Ribon; ASEC514* and 4958*; Almenara; Renata Stopiglia; RS002* and 003*; Passa Tempo, Fazenda Ribeirão das Cachoeiras; Luís Fábio Silveira, ASEC 7943; Poço D’Antas, Rômulo Ribon, ASEC7960 and 7961; Rio Doce, Rômulo Ribon, ASEC11222; Rio Novo, Rômulo Ribon, ASEC11459, 11460, 11461, 11462 and 11692; Santa Maria do Salto, Marcos Maldonato, RS004; São Roque de Minas, Ricardo Parrini, RP2752; Viçosa, Rômulo Ribon, ASEC7962, 7963, 7964, 7965, 11079 and 11711; Viçosa, Marcos A. Raposo, RS001. Paraná: Serra da Graciosa, Ricardo Parrini, RP2927. Rio De Janeiro: Parati, Ricardo Parrini, RP2210; Piraí, Ricardo Parrini, RP3102; Teresópolis, Ricardo Parrini, RP2608, 2609, 2638, 2645 and 2657; Itatiaia, Ricardo Parrini, RP2678. Rio Grande Do Sul: São Francisco de Paula, Ricardo Parrini, RP2671. São Paulo: Boracéia, Ricardo Parrini, RP2640 and 2641; Fazenda Intervales, Luís Fábio Silveira, ASEC7941 and 7942; Itatiba, Fazenda Baroneza; Luís Fábio Silveira, ASEC4037; São Paulo, Ricardo Parrini, RP3174; Ubatuba, Ricardo Parrini; RP2441.

Synallaxis infuscata: BRAZIL, Alagoas: Murici, Ricardo Parrini, RP2925; Serra Grande, Juan Mazar Barnett, RS005; Serra Grande, Mata do Pinto, Luís Fábio Silveira, ASEC10772; Utinga, Luís Fábio Silveira, ASEC10747.

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Stopiglia, R., Raposo, M.A. & Teixeira, D.M. Taxonomy and geographic variation of the Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819 species-complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Furnariidae). J Ornithol 154, 191–207 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-012-0886-3

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