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Between order and chaos: contrasting syntax in the advertising song of Dusky (Phylloscopus fuscatus) and Radde’s (Ph. schwarzi) Warblers

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Abstract

Dusky (Phylloscopus fuscatus) and Radde’s (Ph. schwarzi) Warblers are small insectivorous avian species occurring as regular inhabitants of the taiga in central and eastern Siberia. Their singing is characterized by a typically discontinuous performance, strict stereotypy of all song types and immediate variety in the course of a song. The songs of both species have a typical trill structure and the repeated trill syllables are composed of up to three notes. Individual repertoires of Dusky Warbler males include 60–70 song types, but each male has just 3 or 4 “favorite” song types which are produced more often than all the others and in total make up to a third of all vocal production. The rest of the vocalizations are represented by rare song types. The sequence order of different song types looks like a random process. Only a few transitions within the songs of some males appear more often than might be expected by chance. In contrast, vocalizations of the Radde’s Warbler represent a strictly determined periodic process. All song types are produced according to fixed sequences which include up to 22 different types. Because of prolonged pauses between the songs, the performance of such sequences takes up to 160–190 s. The rigid order of performance of the song types does not change even with the longest pauses (up to 20–30 s). After a pause, the male invariably executes that song type which is expected in its given place. The adaptive value of large repertoires with either fixed or random sequences of song types is discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Zwischen Ordnung und Chaos: unterschiedliche Syntax im Werbegesang des Dunkellaubsängers ( Phylloscopus fuscatus ) und des Bartlaubsängers ( Ph. schwarzi )

Dunkellaubsängers (Phylloscopus fuscatus) und des Bartlaubsängers (Ph. schwarzi) sind kleine Insektenfresser und verbreitete Bewohner der zentral- und ostsibirischen Taiga. Ihr Gesang zeichnet sich durch typische Pausen, strikte Stereotypie aller Gesangselemente und durch unmittelbare Abwechslungen während des Singens aus. Die Gesänge beider Arten haben eine typische Triller-Struktur, wobei die mehrfach wiederholten Triller-Silben jeweils aus bis zu drei Noten bestehen. Die individuellen Repertoires der Dunkellaubsänger-Männchen beinhalten 60–70 Gesangselemente, aber jedes Männchen hat drei oder vier bevorzugte Elemente, die besonders oft wiederholt werden und insgesamt bis zu einem Drittel ihres gesamten Gesangs ausmachen. Der Rest setzt sich aus den selteneren Elementen zusammen, deren Reihenfolge zufällig zu sein scheint. Nur wenige Element-Übergänge im Gesang einiger Männchen scheinen öfter als rein zufällig aufzutreten. Im Gegensatz dazu ist der Gesang der Bartlaubsänger ein streng festgelegter, wiederholter Vorgang. Alle Gesangselemente treten als starre Sequenz von bis zu 22 Elementen auf. Wegen längerer Pausen zwischen den einzelnen Elementen dauern die gesamten Sequenzen 160–190 Sekunden. Selbst mit Pausenlängen von 20–30 Sekunden ändert sich die strikte Reihenfolge der Gesangselemente nicht; nach einer Pause setzt das Männchen seinen Gesang mit dem jeweils zu erwartenden Element fort. Der Anpassungswert großer Gesangsrepertoires mit festgelegter versus zufälliger Reihenfolge von Gesangselementen wird diskutiert.

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Acknowledgments

We are most grateful to an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments and suggestions. We wish to thank the staff of the State Nature Reserve “Stolby” (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) for their hospitality and the help in our field work. Our investigations have received financial support from the Russian Fund of Basic Researches (10-04-00483-a).

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Correspondence to Vladimir V. Ivanitskii.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Ivanitskii, V.V., Marova, I.M. & Malykh, I.M. Between order and chaos: contrasting syntax in the advertising song of Dusky (Phylloscopus fuscatus) and Radde’s (Ph. schwarzi) Warblers. J Ornithol 153, 337–346 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0748-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0748-4

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