Abstract
Life history theory predicts that seabirds will respond to reduction in food abundance by changes in behaviour or breeding effort, buffering adult survival. Empirical data show some support for this but also sometimes indicate a trade-off in which survival of breeding seabirds may be reduced by food shortage. The sensitivity of seabird adult survival rates may be a feature of the detailed ecology of particular species and may be affected by ecological conditions such as the possibilities for prey switching. Fishery managers may set a lower limit biomass to protect fish stock recruitment, often at about 20% of predicted unfished stock biomass. It is unclear whether this threshold would also protect the needs of seabirds dependent on the fish stock. Time series of seabird breeding success and fish stock biomass may indicate minimum densities of food required. These are orders of magnitude more than the consumption by seabird populations. The critical prey density may also vary tremendously among seabird species and is clearly a function of the detailed ecology of each species. It is possible to predict which species will be most sensitive to reduced food supply. Sensitive species may be sentinels of the “health” of the marine ecosystem. For example, in Shetland and elsewhere in the North Sea, breeding success of kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla is particularly sensitive to abundance and quality of sandeels Ammodytes spp. However, seabird communities may be affected by a variety of interactions prompted by changes in fisheries; maintaining food fish levels may not alone be sufficient where communities have altered in composition over decades of fishing, as in the North Sea, and where predator–prey impacts induced by changes in fishery management may disrupt seabird communities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnott SA, Ruxton GD (2002) Sandeel recruitment in the North Sea: demographic, climatic and trophic effects. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 238:199–210
Barrett RT, Krasnov JV (1996) Recent responses to changes in fish stocks of prey species by seabirds breeding in the southern Barents Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 53:713–722
Boyd IL, Wanless S, Camphuysen CJ (eds) (2006) Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Browman HI, Stergiou KI (2004) Theme section: perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 274:269–303
Camphuysen CJ (ed) (2005) Understanding marine foodweb processes: an ecosystem approach to sustainable sandeel fisheries in the North Sea. IMPRESS final report. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel
Cook RM (2004) Estimation of the age-specific rate of natural mortality for Shetland sandeels. ICES J Mar Sci 61:159–164
Davis SE, Nager RG, Furness RW (2005) Food availability affects adult survival as well as breeding success of parasitic jaegers. Ecology 86:1047–1056
Ellis HI, Gabrielsen GW (2002) Energetics of free-ranging seabirds. In: Schreiber EA, Burger J (eds) Biology of marine birds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 359–407
Ens BJ (2006) The conflict between shellfisheries and migratory waterbirds in the Dutch Wadden Sea. In: Boere GC, Galbraith CA, Stroud DA (eds) Waterbirds around the world. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, pp 806–811
Frederiksen M, Wanless S, Harris MP, Rothery P, Wilson LJ (2004) The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes. J Appl Ecol 41:1129–1139
Frederiksen M, Wright PJ, Heubeck M, Harris MP, Mavor RA, Wanless S (2005) Regional patterns of kittiwake Rissa tridactyla breeding success are related to variability in sandeel recruitment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 300:201–211
Frederiksen M, Furness RW, Wanless S (2007) Regional variation in the role of bottom-up and top-down processes in controlling sandeel abundance in the North Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 337:287–297
Furness RW (1987) The skuas. T & AD Poyser, Calton
Furness RW (2002) Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 59:261–269
Furness RW, Tasker ML (2000) Seabird–fishery interactions: quantifying the sensitivity of seabirds to reductions in sandeel abundance, and identification of key areas for sensitive seabirds in the North Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 202:253–264
Greenstreet SPR (2006) Does the prohibition of industrial fishing for sandeels have any impact on local gadoid populations? In: Boyd IL, Wanless S, Camphuysen CJ (eds) Top predators in marine ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 223–235
Hilton GM, Furness RW, Houston DC (2000) A comparative study of digestion in North Atlantic seabirds. J Avian Biol 31:36–46
Hjermann DØ, Ottersen G, Stenseth NC (2004) Competition among fishermen and fish causes the collapse of Barents Sea capelin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:11679–11684
Hunt GL, McKinnell S (2006) Interplay between top-down, bottom-up, and wasp-waist control in marine ecosystems. Prog Oceanogr 68:115–124
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) (2002) Report of the working group on the assessment of demersal stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak, June 2001. ICES CM 2002/ACFM:01, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen
Jennings S, Kaiser MJ, Reynolds JD (2001) Marine fisheries ecology. Blackwell, Oxford
Mavor RA, Parsons M, Heubeck M, Schmitt S (2006) Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2005. UK Nature Conservation 30, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough
Mehlum F, Gabrielsen GW (1995) Energy expenditure and food consumption by seabird populations in the Barents Sea region. In: Skjoldal HR, Hopkins C, Erikstad KE, Leinaas HP (eds) Ecology of fjords and coastal waters, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 457–470
Mitchell PI, Newton SF, Ratcliffe N, Dunn TE (2004) Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland. T & AD Poyser, London
Oro D, Furness RW (2002) Influences of food availability and predation on survival of kittiwakes. Ecology 83:2516–2528
Österblom H, Casini M, Olsson O, Bignert A (2006) Fish, seabirds and trophic cascades in the Baltic Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 323:233–238
Pauly D, Alder J, Bennett E, et al (2003) The future for fisheries. Science 302:1359–1361
Pedersen SA, Lewy P, Wright P (1999) Assessments of the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the North Sea based on revised stock divisions. Fish Res 41: 221–241
Pennington M, Osborn K, Harvey P, Riddington R, Okill D, Ellis P, Heubeck M (2004) The birds of Shetland. Christopher Helm, London
Poloczanska ES, Cook RM, Ruxton GD, Wright PJ (2004) Fishing vs natural recruitment variation in sandeels as a cause of seabird breeding failure at Shetland: a modelling approach. ICES J Mar Sci 61:788–797
Rindorf A, Wanless S, Harris MP (2000) Effects of sandeel availability on the reproductive output of seabirds. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 202:241–252
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (2004) Turning the tide: addressing the impact of fisheries on the marine environment. The Stationery Office, London
Votier SC, Furness RW, Bearhop S, et al (2004) Changes in fisheries discard rates and seabird communities. Nature 427:727–730
Walsh PM, Halley DJ, Harris MP, del Nevo A, Sim IMW, Tasker ML (1995) Seabird monitoring handbook for Britain and Ireland. JNCC, RSPB, ITE, Seabird Group, Peterborough
Wright PJ (1996) Is there a conflict between sandeel fisheries and seabirds? A case history at Shetland. In: Greenstreet SPR, Tasker ML (eds) Aquatic predators and their prey. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 154–165
Zwarts L, Wanink JH, Ens BJ (1996) Predicting seasonal and annual fluctuations in the local exploitation of different prey by oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus: a ten-year study in the Wadden Sea. Ardea 84A:401–440
Acknowledgement
I thank The Leverhulme Trust for a Research Fellowship, during which this paper was prepared.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by F. Bairlein.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Furness, R.W. Responses of seabirds to depletion of food fish stocks. J Ornithol 148 (Suppl 2), 247–252 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0152-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0152-2