Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Development of a user friendly water balance model for paddy

  • Article
  • Published:
Paddy and Water Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A water balance model for paddy is developed primarily based on the principle of conservation of mass of soil–water within the root zone. The water balance for paddy is different from that of field crops because paddy requires standing water in the field during most of its growth period. This model requires soil, crop and meteorological data as inputs. This user friendly model was developed using computer programmes C and Visual Basic (VB) 6.0. It simulates various water balance components such as evapotranspiration, deep percolation, surface runoff and depth of irrigation water and ponding depth in the field on a daily basis. For estimation of deep percolation loss, physically based saturated and unsaturated flow processes are incorporated into the model to consider ponding (if there is standing water in the field), saturation (if moisture content of soil is in between field capacity and saturation) and depletion (if moisture content of soil is below field capacity) phases of paddy field. This article presents development of a user friendly water balance model for paddy and also its validation using published data.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agrawal MK, Panda SN, Panigrahi B (2004) Modeling water balance parameters for rainfed rice. J Irrigation Drainage Eng 130(2):129–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration—guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO irrigation and drainage paper 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome

  • Angus JF, Zandstra HG (1980) Climatic factors and the modeling of rice growth and yield. Proceedings of the WMO-IRRI symposium on Agrometeorology of the rice crop. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, pp 189–190

  • Arora VK (2006) Application of a rice growth and water balance model in an irrigated semi-arid subtropical environment. Agric Water Manag 83(1–2):51–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker R, Herdt RW (1985) The rice economy of Asia. Resources for the future Inc., Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Belmans C, Wesseling JG, Feddes RA (1983) Simulation model for water balance of a cropped soil: SWATRE. J Hydrol 63:271–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton FR, Zandstra HG (1981) A soil moisture based yield model of wetland rainfed rice. Research Paper 62. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos

  • Brooks RH, Corey AT (1966) Properties of porous media affecting fluid flow. J Irrigation Drainage Eng 92:61–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown KW, Turner FT, Thomas JC, Deuel LE, Keener ME (1978) Water balance of flooded rice paddies. Agric Water Manag 1:277–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BRRI (1984) Annual internal review report for 1983. Agricultural Engineering Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, p 74

  • Chen SK, Liu CW, Huang HC (2002) Analysis of water movement in paddy rice fields. II: Simulation studies. J Hydrol 268:259–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darcy H (1856) Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon. Victor Dalmont, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Doorenbos J, Pruitt WO (1977) Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. Irrigation and drainage paper 24. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome

  • George BA, Raghuwanshi NS, Singh R (2004) Development and testing of a GIS integrated irrigation scheduling model. Agric Water Manag 66(3):221–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hama T, Nakamura K, Kawashima S (2010) Effectiveness of cyclic irrigation in reducing suspended solids load from a paddy-field district. Agric Water Manag 97(3):483–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves GL, Hargreaves GH, Riley JP (1985) Agricultural benefits for Senegal River basin. J Irrigation Drainage Eng 111:113–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inthavong T, Tsubo M, Fukai S (2011) A water balance model for characterization of length of growing period and water stress development for rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Res 121(2):291–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IRRI (1989) IRRI toward 2000 and beyond. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos

  • Jang TI, Kim HK, Seong CH, Lee EJ, Park SW (2012) Assessing nutrient losses of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields for sustainable agriculture. Agric Water Manag 104:235–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen M, Lennartz B (2009) Water losses through paddy bunds: methods, experimental data, and simulation studies. J Hydrol 369(1–2):142–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kampen J (1970) Water losses and water balance studies in low land rice irrigation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA

  • Kar G, Verma HN (2005) Climatic water balance, probable rainfall, rice crop water requirements and cold periods in AER 12.0 in India. Agric Water Manag 72(1):15–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khepar SD, Yadav AK, Sondhi SK, Siag M (2000) Water balance model for paddy fields under intermittent irrigation practices. Irrig Sci 19(4):199–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HK, Jang TI, Im SJ, Park SW (2009) Estimation of irrigation return flow from paddy fields considering the soil moisture. Agric Water Manag 96(5):875–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu CW, Chen SK, Jou SW, Kuo SF (2001) Estimation of the infiltration rate of a paddy field in Yun-Lin, Taiwan. Agric Syst 68:41–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMennamy JA, O’Toole JC (1983) RICEMOD: a physiologically based rice growth and yield model. Research Paper 87. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos

  • Mishra A (1999) Irrigation and drainage needs of transplanted rice in diked rice fields of rainfed medium lands. Irrig Sci 19:47–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A, Ghorai AK, Singh SR (1998) Rainwater, soil and nutrient conservation in rainfed rice lands in eastern India. Agric Water Manag 38:45–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra SK, Sarkar R, Dutta S, Panigrahy S (2008) A physically based hydrological model for paddy agriculture dominated hilly watersheds in tropical region. J Hydrol 357(3–4):389–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizutani M, Kalita PK, Shinde D (1989) Effect of different rice varieties and mid term drainage practices on water requirement in dry season paddy—observational studies on water requirement of low land rice in Thailand. J Irrigation Eng Rural Plan 17:6–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Moroizumi T, Hamada H, Sukchan S, Ikemoto M (2009) Soil water content and waterbalance in rainfed fields in northeast Thailand. Agric Water Manag 96(1):160–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mualem Y (1976) A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media. Water Resour Res 12:513–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odhiambo LO, Murty VVN (1996) Modeling water balance components in relation to field layout in lowland paddy fields. II: Model application. Agric Water Manag 30(2):201–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pande HK (1976) Water management practices and rice cultivation in India. In Symposium on water management in rice field. Proceedings of a symposium on Tropical Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, pp 231–249

  • Panigrahi B, Panda SN, Mull R (2001) Simulation of water harvesting potential in rainfed ricelands using water balance model. Agric Water Manag 69(3):165–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Planning Commission (2002) Chapter 8.1: irrigation, flood control and command area development. Section VIII: infrastructure, Vol. II: sectoral policies and programmes, tenth five year plan. Govt. of India, New Delhi

  • Polyanin AD (2002) Handbook of linear partial differential equations for engineers and scientists. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Reshmidevi TV, Jana R, Eldho TI (2008) Geospatial estimation of soil moisture in rain-fed paddy fields using SCS-CN-based model. Agric Water Manag 95(4):447–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy D, Panda SN, Panigrahy B (2009) Waterbalance simulation model for optimal sizing of on-farm reservoir in rainfed farming system. Comput Electron Agric 65(1):114–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russo D (1988) Determining soil hydraulic properties by parameter estimation: on the selection of a model for the hydraulic properties. Water Resour Res 24:453–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCS (1967) Irrigation water requirements. Technical release 21 (TR-21). Soil Conservation Service (SCS), USDA, Washington, DC

  • Smith M (1992). CROPWAT: A computer program for irrigation planning and management. FAO irrigation and drainage paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome

  • Silva CSD, Rushton KR (2008) Representation of rainfed valley ricefields using a soil–water balance model. Agric Water Manag 95(3):271–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh CB, Aujla TS, Sandhu BS, Khera KL (1996) Effect of transplanting date and irrigation regime on growth, yield and water use in rice (Oryza sativa) in northern India. Indian J Agric Sci 66:137–141

    Google Scholar 

  • ten Berge HFM, Jansen DM, Rappoldt K, Stol W (1992) The soil water balance model SAWAH: user’s guide and outline. CABO-TPE simulation reports series 22. Centre for Agrobiological Research (CABO), Wageningen

  • Tsubo M, Fukai S, Tuong T, Ouk M (2007) A water balance model for rainfed lowland rice fields emphasising lateral water movement within a toposequence. Ecol Model 204(3–4):503–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Genuchten MTh (1980) A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 44:892–898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Genuchten MTh, Nielson DR (1985) On describing and predicting the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils. Ann Geophys 3(5):615–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker SH, Rushton KR (1984) Verification of lateral percolation losses from irrigated rice fields by numerical model. Agric Water Manag 71:335–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker SH, Rushton KR (1986) Water losses through bunds of irrigated rice fields interpreted through an analogue model. Agric Water Manag 11:59–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickham TH, Singh VP (1978) Water movement through wet soils. Soils and rice. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, pp 337–358

  • Xie X, Cui Y (2011) Development and test of SWAT for modeling hydrological processes in irrigation districts with paddy rice. J Hydrol 396(1–2):61–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav S, Li T, Humphreys E, Gill G, Kukal SS (2011) Evaluation and application of ORYZA2000 for irrigation scheduling of puddled transplanted rice in north west India. Field Crops Res 122(2):104–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman SMH (1986) Current status and prospects for rainfed food grain production in Bangladesh. BRRI, Gazipur

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Itanagar, 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India

    A. Bhadra & A. Bandyopadhyay

  2. Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India

    R. Singh & N. S. Raghuwanshi

Authors
  1. A. Bhadra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Bandyopadhyay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. N. S. Raghuwanshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Bhadra.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bhadra, A., Bandyopadhyay, A., Singh, R. et al. Development of a user friendly water balance model for paddy. Paddy Water Environ 11, 331–341 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-012-0324-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-012-0324-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation