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Genetic characterization and structure of the endemic Colombian silvery brown bare-face tamarin, Saguinus leucopus (Callitrichinae, Cebidae, Primates)

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Abstract

We analyzed 115 Saguinus leucopus, from four Colombian departments (Antioquia, Bolivar, Caldas and Tolima ), for 701 bp of the mt COII gene and at 10 microsatellite loci to estimate gene diversity levels, possible molecular subspecies and historical demographic changes in this species. This endemic Colombian species showed an elevated gene diversity in this gene, although its geographical distribution is very restrictive and extremely threatened by habitat fragmentation. The mt COII gene did not show any geographical structure in the distribution of the haplotypes within this species, but it did show a noteworthy population expansion throughout the history of this species. A Bayesian analysis showed that the haplotype diversification of this species began around 1.6 million years ago (MYA), whilst a haplotype network gave the beginning of this diversification at around 0.5–0.6 MYA. Forty-seven individuals out of the 115 were analyzed for 10 DNA microsatellites. The genetic diversity was relatively elevated for this kind of marker too, and comparable to that found in other Neotropical monkeys with a wider geographical distribution. Two gene pools were detected with the microsatellites, one in the northern distribution area (Antioquia) and the other in the southern distribution area (Tolima). No tests detected any bottleneck affecting this population; however, two procedures (k test and Kimmel et al. 1998 test) detected significant population expansion for the microsatellite markers, like that seen with the mt COII gene.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks go to the SDA (Secretaria Distrital Ambiental de Bogotá DC, Colombia) for the project entitled “Fortalecimiento del control y prevención del tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre, especialmente de Primates, Perezosos y Ardillas, a través de la determinación de zonas sometidas a extracción ilegal utilizando pruebas de genética molecular de poblaciones”, which allowed us to obtain the necessary financial resources to carry out the current study. Thanks to Dr. D. Álvarez and L.F. Castellanos-Mora for their respective help in obtaining Saguinus leucopus samples over the last 10 years. In addition, thanks to Amador Ávila, Claudia Brieva and Carlos del Valle (URRAS, Universidad Nacional de Colombia) as well as to the Natura Foundation for providing S. leucopus samples and financial resources (Natura Foundation). Also, thanks to L.M. Borrero and D.M. Ramírez from the Medellín Zoo, Tinka Plese (UNAU, Medellín) and Cornare (Medellín), for providing Saguinus samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7ª No 43-82, Bogotá DC., Colombia

    Manuel Ruiz-García, Pablo Escobar-Armel, Paola Manzur & Myreya Pinedo-Castro

  2. Secretaría Distrital Ambiental (SDA), Bogotá DC., Colombia

    Norberto Leguizamon

  3. Biology Department, Penn State University-Fayette, Route 119 N, Uniontown, 15401-0519, USA

    Joseph M. Shostell

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  1. Manuel Ruiz-García
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  5. Myreya Pinedo-Castro
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  6. Joseph M. Shostell
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Correspondence to Manuel Ruiz-García.

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Ruiz-García, M., Escobar-Armel, P., Leguizamon, N. et al. Genetic characterization and structure of the endemic Colombian silvery brown bare-face tamarin, Saguinus leucopus (Callitrichinae, Cebidae, Primates). Primates 55, 415–435 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0418-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0418-2

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