Abstract
The mode of action of soluble silicon against strawberry powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca aphanis var. aphanis) was investigated in four experiments. First, silicon-treated leaves from plants grown with silicate (Si+) and control leaves were excised, inoculated with conidia, and subsequent germination and formation of appressoria in a petri dish was assessed after 24 h. The germination rate was 49.7% on Si+ leaves, and was 67.2% on control leaves (t-test, P < 0.01). Second, we soaked cellulose membranes in various solvents and then placed the membranes on 4% water agar, dusted the membranes with conidia, and examined after 12 h. No difference was apparent between any treatment and the control (distilled water). Third, strawberries growing hydroponically with additional silicon in the medium were inoculated with conidia, and leaves were observed with a scanning electron microscope 1–2 days after inoculation. Germ tubes and secondary hyphae were shorter and had fewer branches on Si+ leaves than on the control. Moreover, penetration appeared to be inhibited. Fourth, the cuticle was separated from leaves from plants grown as in the third experiment, placed on water agar, and dusted with conidia. Germination of conidia, observed with a light microscope, on Si+ leaves was suppressed markedly to 40%–60% of that of the control. These results suggested that soluble silicon induced physiological changes in the cuticle layer after absorption by the plant. In addition, soluble silicate reduced germination of conidia, formation of appressoria, and possibly the penetration of powdery mildew.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
MH Adatia RT Besford (1986) ArticleTitleThe effects of silicon on cucumber plants grown in recirculating nutrient solution Ann Bot 58 343–351 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XlvFSjtb0%3D
S Akai (1953) ArticleTitleStudies on Helminthosporium blight of rice plants (in Japanese with English summary) Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 17 109–112 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaG2cXit1ehtw%3D%3D
RR Bélanger PA Bowen DL Ehret JG Menzies (1995) ArticleTitleSoluble silicon: its role in crop and disease management of greenhouse crops Plant Dis 79 329–336 Occurrence Handle10.1094/PD-79-0329
RR Bélanger N Benhamou JG Menzies (2003) ArticleTitleCytological evidence of an active role of silicon in wheat resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) Phytopathology 93 402–412 Occurrence Handle18944354
TLW Carver MP Robbins RT Zeyen (1991) ArticleTitleEffects of two PAL inhibitors on the susceptibility and localized autofluorescent host cell responses of oat leaves attacked by Erysiphe graminis DC Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 39 269–287 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0885-5765(91)90035-G Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhsVynsrc%3D
TLW Carver MP Robbins BJ Thomas K Troth N Raistrick RJ Zeyen (1998) ArticleTitleSilicon deprivation enhances localized autofluorescent responses and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in oat attacked by Blumeria graminis Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 52 245–257 Occurrence Handle10.1006/pmpp.1998.0149 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlsF2ltro%3D
GG Conti M Bassi D Maffi AM Bocci (1986) ArticleTitleHost–parasite relationship in a susceptible and resistant rose cultivar inoculated with Sphaerotheca pannosa J Phytopathol 117 312–320 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXotFOnsA%3D%3D
RA Creelman JE Mullet (1997) ArticleTitleBiosynthesis and action of jasmonate in plant Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48 355–381 Occurrence Handle15012267 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.355 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1enu7s%3D
A Fawe M Abou-Zaid JG Menzies RR Bélanger (1998) ArticleTitleSilicon mediated accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins in cucumber Phytopathology 88 396–401 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtlShsr4%3D Occurrence Handle18944917
RG Gold JR Aist BE Hazen MC Stolzenburg MR Marshall HW Israel (1986) ArticleTitleEffects of calcium nitrate and chlortetracycline on papilla formation, ml-o resistance and susceptibility of barley to powdery mildew Physiol Plant Pathol 29 115–129 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XmtVKnsrk%3D
Hukkanen A, Kokko H, Buchala A, Karjalainen R, Kärenlampi S (2004) Priming or SAR induction by BTH suppress powdery mildew on strawberry. International Joint Workshop on PR-Proteins and Induced Resistance (Abstracts), p 73
JS Jhooty WE McKeen (1965) ArticleTitleStudies on powdery mildew of strawberry caused by Sphaerotheca macularis Phytopathology 55 281–285
A Kahn DS Shih (2004) ArticleTitleMolecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of two class II chitinase genes from the strawberry plant Plant Sci 166 753–762 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.11.015 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFWgtr0%3D
T Kanto A Miyoshi T Ogawa K Maekawa M Aino (2004) ArticleTitleSuppressive effect of potassium silicate on powdery mildew of strawberry in hydroponics J Gen Plant Pathol 70 207–211 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10327-004-0117-8 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsFShtrY%3D
T Kanto A Miyoshi T Ogawa K Maekawa M Aino (2006) ArticleTitleSuppressive effect of liquid potassium silicate on powdery mildew of strawberry in soil culture J Gen Plant Pathol 72 137–142 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10327-005-0270-8 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xpt1yjtro%3D
PE Kolattukudy LM Rogers D Li CS Hwang MA Flaishman (1995) ArticleTitleSurface signaling in pathogenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 4080–4087 Occurrence Handle7753774 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.92.10.4080 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXls1altrw%3D
H Kunoh (2004) Infection process of plant pathogenic fungi and association of inorganic elements (in Japanese) BibInstitutionalEditorNameJapan Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (Eds) Relationship between mineral nutrition and plant disease Hakuyusha Tokyo 41–74
K Maekawa K Watanabe T Kanto M Aino (2002a) ArticleTitleAccumulation of silicon at the penetration sites of Magnaporthe grisea on rice leaf blade epidermis (in Japanese with English summary) Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 73 103–108
K Maekawa K Ogawa K Watanabe T Kanto M Aino Y Iwamoto (2002b) ArticleTitleSilicon-dependent promotion of superoxide generation following the inoculation of Magnaporthe grisea into rice leaves (in Japanese with English summary) Jpn Soil Sci Plant Nutr 73 509–514 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xos1ehtro%3D
K Maekawa K Watanabe T Kanto M Aino M Saigusa (2003) ArticleTitleEffect of soluble silicic acid on suppression of rice leaf blast (in Japanese with English summary) Jpn Soil Sci Plant Nutr 74 293–299 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltF2ltrY%3D
JG Menzies DL Ehret ADM Glass AL Samuels (1991) ArticleTitleThe influence of silicon on cytological interactions between Sphaerotheca fuliginea and Cucumis sativus Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 39 403–414 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0885-5765(91)90007-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xitlaju7Y%3D
Y Miyake E Takahashi (1983) ArticleTitleEffect of silicon on the growth of solution-cultured cucumber plants Soil Sci Plant Nutr 29 71–83 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhslyit7g%3D
OS Peries (1962) ArticleTitleStudies on strawberry mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr. ex Fries) Jaczewski. II. Host–parasite relationships on foliage of strawberry varieties Ann Appl Biol 50 225–233 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1744-7348.1962.tb06005.x
Rodrigues FÁ N Benhamou LE Datnoff JB Jones RR Bélanger (2003) ArticleTitleUltrastructural and cytochemical aspects of silicon-mediated rice blast resistance Phytopathology 93 535–546
AL Samuels ADM Glass DL Ehret JGM Menzies (1991) ArticleTitleMobility and deposition of silicon in cucumber plants Plant Cell Environ 14 485–492 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01518.x
Z Solel LV Edgington (1973) ArticleTitleTranscuticular movement of fungicides Phytopathology 63 505–510 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXkt1yhsb0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1094/Phyto-63-505
T Taimatsu (1995) The new strawberry cultivars (in Japanese) Abstracts of the Symposium of Research Results in Kinki-Chugoku Area MAFF Tokyo 22–36
E Takahashi (1987) The silicate plants and calcium plants (in Japanese) Nobunkyo Tokyo 55–176
C Wang J Xing CK Chin J Peters (2002) ArticleTitleFatty acids with certain structural characteristics are potent inhibitors of germination and inducers of cell death of powdery mildew spores Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 61 151–161 Occurrence Handle10.1006/pmpp.2002.0429 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xps1Sjtrg%3D
SY Wang GJ Galletta (1998) ArticleTitleFoliar application of potassium silicate induces metabolic changes in strawberry plants J Plant Nutr 21 157–167 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhsVCntLg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1080/01904169809365390
RJ Zeyen TLW Carver MF Lyngkjaer (2002) The formation and role of papilla RR Bélanger WR Bushnell AJ Dik TLW Carver (Eds) The powdery mildews APS St. Paul, MN 107–125
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kanto, T., Maekawa, K. & Aino, M. Suppression of conidial germination and appressorial formation by silicate treatment in powdery mildew of strawberry. J Gen Plant Pathol 73, 1–7 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-006-0311-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-006-0311-y