Abstract
In the context of the circular economy and decreasing earth resources, waste should be converted into value-added materials such as carbon quantum dots, which are fluorescent nanomaterials with promising applications in sensing, biological imaging, energy storage, and photocatalysis. Here, we review carbon quantum dots with focus on their synthesis from biomass, factors controlling their performance, properties, and applications in energy, medicine, and environmental science. Applications include energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors, renewable energy, pollutant sensing and degradation, drug delivery, biosensing, and bioimaging.
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Reproduced with permission from Baker and Baker (2010); c Carbon quantum dots electrophoretic profile in an agarose gel under ultraviolet light irradiation at 365 nm. Reproduced with permission from Xu et al. (2004); d Carbon quantum dots solution excited at different wavelengths. Reproduced with permission from Sun et al. (2006)
Reproduced with permission from Atchudan et al. (2021); c Using a fluorescent probe made of corn cob carbon quantum dots, ionic liquid, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), H2O2-assisted melamine detection was achieved. Reproduced with permission from Zheng et al. (2022); d Volatile oil content of different varieties of citrus peels vs quantum yield. Reproduced with permission from Wang et al. (Wang et al. 2020b); e An overview of the synthesis and application of carbon quantum dots. Branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI)-capped CQDs (BPEI-CQDs) are prepared by coating the CQDs with BPEI via electrostatic adsorption. The BPEI-CQDs are then employed as fluorescent probes for sensitive and selective Cu2+ detection. Reproduced with permission from Liu et al. (2014a)
Reproduced with permission from Sun et al. (2006); b Fluorescent spectra of the carbon quantum dots under various excitation wavelengths. Reproduced with permission from Pan et al. (2015); c Emission of various carbon quantum dots excited by white light. Reproduced with permission from (Hu et al. 2015); d Orange fluorescent carbon quantum dots (O-CDs) synthesized via the solvothermal in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution turn to green fluorescent carbon quantum dots (G-CDs) in a high pH environment. Reproduced with permission from Kumari et al. (2019); e Emission from N-doped carbon quantum dots excited at a maximum wavelength with varying concentrations. Reproduced with permission from Wang et al. (2018a)
Reproduced with permission from Cao et al. (2007); b Photoluminescence emission spectra of carbon quantum dots solution excited from 805 to 1035 nm. Reproduced with permission from (Jia et al. 2012); c Fluorescence emission spectra for the carbon quantum dots before (left) and after (right) adding H2O2. Reproduced with permission from Cui et al. (2014); d Normal photoluminescence mechanisms in graphene quantum dots for small size (GQDs(s)) (1) and large size (GQDs(L)) (2); Up-conversion photoluminescence mechanisms in graphene quantum dots for large size (3) and small size (4). While HOMO and LUMO are indicated to highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Reproduced with permission from Shen et al. (2011)
Reproduced with permission from Guo et al. (2021); b Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery. Reproduced with permission from Thangaraj et al. (2021); c Schematic representation of the C-VOCQD interwoven nanowire electrode with steady electron and Li/Na-ion transfer routes. Reproduced with permission from Balogun et al. (2016); d Flowchart for synthesizing carbon quantum dots using garlic peel as a precursor. Reproduced with permission from Selvamani et al. (2016)
Reproduced with permission from Wang et al. (2021). b Formation of C-dots from the hydrothermal treatment of orange waste peels. Reproduced with permission from Prasannan et al. c The photocatalytic process on C-dots/ZnO. Reproduced with permission from Prasannan et al. (2013)
Reproduced with permission from Thangaraj et al. (2019); b The mechanism for the FRET-based detection system: in the first part, the fluorescence of DNA-carbon quantum dots was quenched by gold nanoparticle/gold nanoparticle-graphene oxide through FRET; and then the fluorescence of carbon quantum dot was recovered in the presence of target DNA. Reproduced with permission from Qaddare and Salimi (2017); c Drug-loaded carbon quantum dots, releasing the 4-Substituted-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamines into the nucleus and emitting the fluorescence in the cytoplasm. Reproduced with permission from Jaleel and Pramod (2018)
Reproduced with permission from Khatun et al. (2015); b Microscopic cell images of A375 cells at the bright field, 405 nm, 488 nm, 543 nm. Reproduced with permission from Sahoo et al. (xxx); c Imaging of Hela cells under different filters. Reproduced with permission from Atchudan et al. (2019); d Multicolour imaging of nematode hatching in an in vivo model of carbon quantum dots at different excitation wavelengths. Reproduced with permission from Atchudan et al. (2021)
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References
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The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201491), and the Special Program of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017T100313).
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Jiayu Wu and Tianyue Chen contributed equally. Jiayu Wu, Tianyue Chen, Shengbo Ge, Wei Fan, Hui Wang, Zhongfeng Zhang, Eric Lichtfouse, Thuan Van Tran, Rock Keey Liew, Mashallah Rezakazemi, and Runzhou Huang were involved in writing—review and editing. Shengbo Ge, Zhongfeng Zhang, and Runzhou Huang were involved in supervision and funding acquisition. Tianyue Chen, Hui Wang, and Thuan Van Tran and Rock Keey Liew were involved in figure drawing. Eric Lichtfouse, Thuan Van Tran, Rock Keey Liew, and Mashallah Rezakazemi were involved in conceptualization. Rock Keey Liew was involved in scope planning.
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Wu, J., Chen, T., Ge, S. et al. Synthesis and applications of carbon quantum dots derived from biomass waste: a review. Environ Chem Lett 21, 3393–3424 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01636-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01636-9