Abstract
The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance is severely threatening public health. Several non-antibiotic chemicals facilitate the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Bisphenol analogs, e.g., bisphenol S and bisphenol AF, are known pollutants, yet their effects on the propagation and spread of antibiotic resistance genes remain unknown. Our study demonstrates for the first time that bisphenol S and bisphenol AF at environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.1–100.0 μg/L accelerates 2–5 folds the conjugative transfer frequency of RP4 plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance genes within and across bacterial genera, from Escherichia coli DH5α to Escherichia coli HB101 or Salmonella enterica. Bisphenol S and bisphenol AF exerted no effect on the bacterial growth and little change in cell membrane permeability. Accelerated conjugative transfer is explained by the repression of the global regulator, with a maximum relative expression level of 0.23, and of the vertical transfer system (0.26), with simultaneous up-regulation of DNA horizontal transfer and replication system (3.66). This bisphenols-induced conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes could promote the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment and in gut microbial communities of wildlife and human.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Singapore-China Joint Research Grant Call (NRF-NSFC 3rd Joint Grant Call-Earth Science) (41861144023), Natural Science Foundation of China-Joint Fund Project (U2005206), Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology (YDZX20203502000003). Also, we express our sincerest thanks to Prof. Yi Luo from Nanjing University for the provision of all three bacterial strains.
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MF: Conceptualization, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review & Editing, Supervision, Project administration; CY: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—Review & Editing, Visualization, Project administration; SZ: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation; VKS: Writing—Review & Editing, Supervision; KM: Writing—Review & Editing. XY: Resources, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.
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Feng, M., Ye, C., Zhang, S. et al. Bisphenols promote the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes without damaging cell membrane. Environ Chem Lett 20, 1553–1560 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01397-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01397-x