Abstract
High-octane gasoline production by catalytic naphtha reforming is a major process in the petroleum industry. Sulfur components involved in the reforming process are causing pollutions and catalyst poisoning. Hydrodesulfurization has been developed to remove sulfur species from naphtha. Bimetallic and trimetallic catalysts are used to improve the naphtha reforming. Another solution to produce gasoline is the zeoforming process, which involves zeolites. This article reviews the naphta reforming reaction.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Absi-Halabi M, Stanislaus A, Al-Dolama K (1998) Performance comparison of alumina-supported Ni–Mo, Ni–W and Ni–Mo–W catalysis in hydrotreating vacuum residue. Fuel 77:787–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00228-7
Akiyama S, Mochizuki H, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T, Tatsumi T, Kondo JN (2017) The effective silylation of external surface on H-ZSM5 with cyclic siloxane for the catalytic cracking of naphtha. Mol Catal 433:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2016.12.005
Ali MA, Tatsumi T, Masuda T (2002) Development of heavy oil hydrocracking catalysts using amorphous silica-alumina and zeolites as catalyst supports. Appl Catal A 233:77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(02)00121-7
Amin NAS, Ammasi S (2006) Dual-bed catalytic system for direct conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons. J Nat Gas Chem 15:191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-9953(06)60026-1
Andrigo P, Bagatin R, Pagani G (1999) Fixed bed reactors. Catal Today 52:197–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00076-0
Antos GJ (1977) Dehydrocyclization with an acidic multimetallic catalytic composite. US Patent 4032587
Antos GJ (1982) Attenuated superactive multimetallic catalytic composite. US Patent 4229319
Antos GJ, Aitani AM (2004) Catalytic naphtha reforming, revised and expanded. Taylor & Francis, Oxfordshire
Azizi N, Ali SA, Alhooshani K, Kim T, Lee Y, Park J-I et al (2013) Hydrotreating of light cycle oil over NiMo and CoMo catalysts with different supports. Fuel Process Technol 109:172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.11.001
Babitz SM, Williams BA, Miller JT, Snurr RQ, Haag WO, Kung HH (1999) Monomolecular cracking of n-hexane on Y, MOR, and ZSM-5 zeolites. Appl Catal A 179:71–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00301-9
Baghalha M, Mohammadi M, Ghorbanpour A (2010) Coke deposition mechanism on the pores of a commercial Pt–Re/γ-Al2O3 naphtha reforming catalyst. Fuel Process Technol 91:714–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.02.002
Bariås OA, Holmen A, Blekkan EA (1996) Propane dehydrogenation over supported Pt and Pt–Sn catalysts: catalyst preparation, characterization, and activity measurements. J Catal 158:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1996.0001
Basu B, Kunzru D (1992) Catalytic pyrolysis of naphtha. Ind Eng Chem Res 31:146–155. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00001a021
Bellussi G, Pollesel P (2005) Industrial applications of zeolite catalysis: production and uses of light olefins. Stud Surf Sci Catal 158:1201–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(05)80466-5
Benitez VM, Pieck CL (2010) Influence of indium content on the properties of Pt–Re/Al2O3 naphtha reforming catalysts. Catal Lett 136:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-009-0202-x
Benitez V, Boutzeloit M, Mazzieri VA, Especel C, Epron F, Vera CR et al (2007) Preparation of trimetallic Pt–Re–Ge/Al2O3 and Pt–Ir–Ge/Al2O3 naphtha reforming catalysts by surface redox reaction. Appl Catal A 319:210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.12.006
Benitez VM, Vera CR, Rangel MAC, Yori JC, Grau JM, Pieck CL (2008) Modification of multimetallic naphtha-reforming catalysts by indium addition. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:671–676. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie800933s
Borgna A, Garetto TF, Apesteguı́a CR, Moraweck B (1999) Formation of bimetallic alloys in naphtha reforming Pt–Ge/Al2O3 catalysts: an EXAFS study. Appl Catal A 182:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00010-1
Borgna A, Garetto TF, Apesteguı́a CR (2000) Simultaneous deactivation by coke and sulfur of bimetallic Pt–Re(Ge, Sn)/Al2O3 catalysts for n-hexane reforming. Appl Catal A 197:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00528-1
Boutzeloit M, Benitez VM, Mazzieri VA, Especel C, Epron F, Vera CR et al (2006) Effect of the method of addition of Ge on the catalytic properties of Pt–Re/Al2O3 and Pt–Ir/Al2O3 naphtha reforming catalysts. Catal Commun 7:627–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2006.01.029
Brunet S, Mey D, Pérot G, Bouchy C, Diehl F (2005) On the hydrodesulfurization of FCC gasoline: a review. Appl Catal A 278:143–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.10.012
Carvalho LS, Pieck CL, Rangel MC, Fı́goli NS, Grau JM, Reyes P et al (2004a) Trimetallic naphtha reforming catalysts. I. Properties of the metal function and influence of the order of addition of the metal precursors on Pt–Re–Sn/γ-Al2O3–Cl. Appl Catal A 269:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.04.004
Carvalho LS, Pieck C, Rangel M, Fıgoli N, Vera C, Parera JM (2004b) Trimetallic naphtha reforming catalysts: II. Properties of the acid function and influence of the order of addition of the metallic precursors on Pt–Re–Sn/γ-Al2O3–Cl. Appl Catal A 269:105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.04.006
Corma A, Orchillés AV (2000) Current views on the mechanism of catalytic cracking. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 35:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(99)00205-X
Corma A, Martı́nez C, Ketley G, Blair G (2001) On the mechanism of sulfur removal during catalytic cracking. Appl Catal A 208:135–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00693-1
Corma A, Mengual J, Miguel PJ (2013) IM-5 zeolite for steam catalytic cracking of naphtha to produce propene and ethene. An alternative to ZSM-5 zeolite. Appl Catal A 460–461:106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.02.030
D’Ippolito SA, Vera CR, Epron F, Samoila P, Especel C, Marécot P et al (2009) Influence of tin addition by redox reaction in different media on the catalytic properties of Pt-Re/Al2O3 naphtha reforming catalysts. Appl Catal A 370:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.09.012
de Miguel S, Castro A, Scelza O, Fierro JLG, Soria J (1996) FTIR and XPS study of supported PtSn catalysts used for light paraffins dehydrogenation. Catal Lett 36:201–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00807620
Ding L, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Ring Z, Chen J (2006) Hydrotreating of light cycled oil using WNi/Al2O3 catalysts containing zeolite beta and/or chemically treated zeolite Y. J Catal 241:435–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2006.05.004
Ding L, Zheng Y, Yang H, Parviz R (2009) LCO hydrotreating with Mo–Ni and W–Ni supported on nano-and micro-sized zeolite beta. Appl Catal A 353:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.10.023
Duan A, Gao Z, Huo Q, Wang C, Zhang D, Jin M et al (2009) Preparation and evaluation of the composite containing USL zeolite-supported NiW catalysts for hydrotreating of FCC diesel. Energy Fuels 24:796–803. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901098m
Duan A, Wan G, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Jiang G, Liu J (2011) Optimal synthesis of micro/mesoporous beta zeolite from kaolin clay and catalytic performance for hydrodesulfurization of diesel. Catal Today 175:485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.03.044
Duarte FA, Mello P, Bizzi CA, Nunes MAG, Moreira EM, Alencar MS et al (2011) Sulfur removal from hydrotreated petroleum fractions using ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization process. Fuel 90:2158–2164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.030
Eigenberger G, Ruppel W (2000) Catalytic fixed-bed reactors. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley, London. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.b04_199.pub2
Epron F, Carnevillier C, Marécot P (2005) Catalytic properties in n-heptane reforming of Pt–Sn and Pt–Ir–Sn/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by surface redox reaction. Appl Catal A 295:157–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2005.08.006
Forzatti P, Lietti L (1999) Catalyst deactivation. Catal Today 52:165–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00074-7
Galdámez JR, García L, Bilbao R (2005) Hydrogen production by steam reforming of bio-oil using coprecipitated Ni–Al catalysts. Acetic acid as a model compound. Energy Fuels 19:1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef049718g
Gomez R, Bertin V, Bosch P, Lopez T, Del Angel P, Schifter I (1993) Pt–Sn/Al2O3 sol–gel catalysts: metallic phase characterization. Catal Lett 21:309–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00769483
González-Marcos MP, Iñarra B, Guil JM, Gutiérrez-Ortiz MA (2005) Development of an industrial characterisation method for naphtha reforming bimetallic Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalysts through n-heptane reforming test reactions. Catal Today 107–108:685–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.052
Haensel V (1949) US Patents 2479109, 2479110. UOP
Haensel V, Hills C, Gerald CF (1949) Reforming process. US Patent 2478918
Hagen J (2006a) Industrial catalysis: A Practical Approach. Wiley, London, p 2006
Hagen J (2006b) Shape-selective catalysis: zeolites. Industrial catalysis: a practical approach, vol 2. Wiley, London, pp 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527607684.ch7
Hamoule T, Peyrovi MH, Rashidzadeh M, Toosi MR (2011) Catalytic reforming of n-heptane over Pt/Al-HMS catalysts. Catal Commun 16:234–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.09.020
Hansel V (1949) U.S. Patents 2479101 and 2479110. UOP
Harandi MN, Greeley JP, Chuba MR, Lu BC (2017) Production of low sulfur gasoline. US Patent 20170015915
Hodala JL, Halgeri AB, Shanbhag GV, Reddy RS, Choudary NV, Rao PVC et al (2016) Aromatization of C5-rich light naphtha feedstock over tailored zeolite catalysts: comparison with model compounds (n-C5–n-C7). Chem Sel 1:2515–2521. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201600412
Isoda T, Nagao S, Ma X, Korai Y, Mochida I (1996) Hydrodesulfurization pathway of 4, 6-dimethyldibenzothiophene through isomerization over Y-zeolite containing CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst. Energy Fuels 10:1078–1082. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef960048r
Krumpelt M, Kopasz JP, Ahmed S, Kao RL, Randhava SS (2005) Autothermal hydrodesulfurizing reforming method and catalyst. US Patent 6967063
Kulprathipanja S, Nemeth LT, Holmgren JS (1998) Process for removing sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon streams. US Patent 5807475
Kumaran GM, Garg S, Soni K, Prasad V, Sharma L, Dhar GM (2006a) Catalytic functionalities of H-β-zeolite-supported molybdenum hydrotreating catalysts. Energy Fuels 20:1784–1790. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef060134j
Kumaran GM, Garg S, Kumar M, Viswanatham N, Gupta J, Sharma L et al (2006b) Origin of hydrocracking functionality in β-zeolite-supported tungsten catalysts. Energy Fuels 20:2308–2313. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0602527
Kunisada N, Choi K-H, Korai Y, Mochida I, Nakano K (2004a) Optimization of silica content in alumina–silica support for NiMo sulfide to achieve deep desulfurization of gas oil. Appl Catal A 273:287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.06.045
Kunisada N, Choi K-H, Korai Y, Mochida I, Nakano K (2004b) Novel zeolite based support for NiMo sulfide in deep HDS of gas oil. Appl Catal A 269:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.03.051
Lee KX, Valla JA (2017) Investigation of metal-exchanged mesoporous Y zeolites for the adsorptive desulfurization of liquid fuels. Appl Catal B 201:359–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.018
Lee W-H, Jeong SM, Chae JH, Kang J-H, Lee W-J (2004) Coke formation on KVO3–B2O3/SA5203 catalysts in the catalytic pyrolysis of naphtha. Ind Eng Chem Res 43:1820–1826. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie030522y
Leflaive P, Lemberton JL, Pérot G, Mirgain C, Carriat JY, Colin JM (2002) On the origin of sulfur impurities in fluid catalytic cracking gasoline—reactivity of thiophene derivatives and of their possible precursors under FCC conditions. Appl Catal A 227:201–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00936-X
Lü H, Ren W, Wang H, Wang Y, Chen W, Suo Z (2013) Deep desulfurization of diesel by ionic liquid extraction coupled with catalytic oxidation using an Anderson-type catalyst [(C4H9)4N]4NiMo6O24H6. Appl Catal A 453:376–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.12.047
Lü H, Deng C, Ren W, Yang X (2014) Oxidative desulfurization of model diesel using [(C4H9)4N]6Mo7O24 as a catalyst in ionic liquids. Fuel Process Technol 119:87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.10.023
Marcilly C (2006) Acido-basic catalysis: application to refining and petrochemistry. Technip Ophrys Editions, Paris
Margitfalvi JL, Borbáth I, Hegedűs M, Gőbölös S, Lónyi F (1999) New approaches to prepare supported Sn–Pt bimetallic catalysts. React Kinet Catal Lett 68:133–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02475495
Marín C, Escobar J, Galván E, Murrieta F, Zárate R, Vaca H (2005) Light straight-run gas oil hydrotreatment over sulfided CoMoP/Al2O3-USY zeolite catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 86:391–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.05.007
Maxwell IE, Stork WHJ (2001) Chapter 17 Hydrocarbon processing with zeolites. Stud Surf Sci Catal 137:747–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(01)80259-7
Mazzieri VA, Grau JM, Vera CR, Yori JC, Parera JM, Pieck CL (2005a) Role of Sn in Pt–Re–Sn/Al2O3–Cl catalysts for naphtha reforming. Catal Today 107–108:643–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.042
Mazzieri VA, Grau JM, Vera CR, Yori JC, Parera JM, Pieck CL (2005b) Pt-Re-Sn/Al2O3 trimetallic catalysts for naphtha reforming processes without presulfiding step. Appl Catal A 296:216–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2005.08.028
McCallister K, O’Neal T (1971) French Patent 2078056. UOP
Mendoza-Nieto JA, Vera-Vallejo O, Escobar-Alarcón L, Solís-Casados D, Klimova T (2013) Development of new trimetallic NiMoW catalysts supported on SBA-15 for deep hydrodesulfurization. Fuel 110:268–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.057
Mukhopadhyay R, Kunzru D (1993) Catalytic pyrolysis of naphtha on calcium aluminate catalysts. Effect of potassium carbonate impregnation. Ind Eng Chem Res 32:1914–1920. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00021a015
Myrstad T, Seljestokken B, Engan H, Rytter E (2000) Effect of nickel and vanadium on sulphur reduction of FCC naphtha. Appl Catal A 192:299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00405-6
Nakano K, Ali SA, Kim H-J, Kim T, Alhooshani K, Park J-I et al (2013) Deep desulfurization of gas oil over NiMoS catalysts supported on alumina coated USY-zeolite. Fuel Process Technol 116:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.04.012
Navarro R, Pawelec B, Fierro J, Vasudevan P, Cambra J, Guemez M et al (1999) Dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization on HY-zeolite-supported transition metal sulfide catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 61:73–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00031-4
Otsuki S, Nonaka T, Takashima N, Qian W, Ishihara A, Imai T et al (2000) Oxidative desulfurization of light gas oil and vacuum gas oil by oxidation and solvent extraction. Energy Fuels 14:1232–1239. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef000096i
Pieterse JAZ, van Eijk S, van Dijk HAJ, van den Brink RW (2011) On the potential of absorption and reactive adsorption for desulfurization of ultra low-sulfur commercial diesel in the liquid phase in the presence of fuel additive and bio-diesel. Fuel Process Technol 92:616–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.11.019
Raffinage French Patent 2031984. CFD1969
Rahimi N, Karimzadeh R (2011) Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons over modified ZSM-5 zeolites to produce light olefins: a review. Appl Catal A 398:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.03.009
Rahimpour MR, Jafari M, Iranshahi D (2013) Progress in catalytic naphtha reforming process: a review. Appl Energy 109:79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.080
Rashidzadeh M, Mondegarian R, Peyravi MH (1999) Catalytic reforming of N-Heptane on Pt-Nd/Alumina. Int J Chem 9:37–46
Rausch R (1973) Platinum-tin uniformly dispersed hydro-carbon conversion catalyst and process. US Patent 3745112
Salem ABSH, Hamid HS (1997) Removal of sulfur compounds from naphtha solutions using solid adsorbents. Chem Eng Technol 20:342–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270200511
Sankaranarayanan TM, Banu M, Pandurangan A, Sivasanker S (2011) Hydroprocessing of sunflower oil–gas oil blends over sulfided Ni–Mo–Al–zeolite beta composites. Bioresour Technol 102:10717–10723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.127
Saxena SK, Viswanadham N, Garg MO (2014) Porosity and acidity patterns of steam treated BEA zeolite material for enhanced catalytic isomerization of naphtha. J Ind Eng Chem 20:3875–3883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.093
Shiraishi Y, Tachibana K, Hirai T, Komasawa I (2002) Desulfurization and denitrogenation process for light oils based on chemical oxidation followed by liquid–liquid extraction. Ind Eng Chem Res 41:4362–4375. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010618x
Sinfelt JH (1976) Polymetallic cluster compositions useful as hydrocarbon conversion catalysts. US Patent 3953368
Song C, Ma X (2003) New design approaches to ultra-clean diesel fuels by deep desulfurization and deep dearomatization. Appl Catal B 41:207–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00212-6
Soto HO, Marín LJH (2000) Hydrocracking of heavy straight run naphtha with Pt supported on zeolites Y, USY, ZSM5 and β. In: Corma A, Melo FV, Mendioroz S, Fierro JLG (eds) Studies in surface science and catalysis. Elsevier, New York, pp 2489–2494. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(00)80843-5
Srinivasan R, Davis BH (1992) The structure of platinum-tin reforming catalysts. Platin Metals Rev 36:151–163
Stanislaus A, Marafi A, Rana MS (2010) Recent advances in the science and technology of ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) production. Catal Today 153:1–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2010.05.011
Stepanov V (2005) Low scale production of motor fuels on remote oil fields. Khim Tekhnol Topl Masel 1:3–11
Stepanov V, Ione K (2003) Low-and intermediate-scale production of motor fuels using a novel catalytic process zeoforming, Katal. Promsti
Vasudevan PT, Fierro JLG (1996) A review of deep hydrodesulfurization catalysis. Catal Rev 38:161–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949608006457
Velichkina LM (2009) Hydrogen-free domestic technologies for conversion of low-octane gasoline distillates on zeolite catalysts. Theor Found Chem Eng 43:486–493. https://doi.org/10.1134/s004057950904023x
Verbeek H, Sachtler WMH (1976) The study of the alloys of platinum and tin by chemisorption. J Catal 42:257–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(76)90260-8
Vicerich MA, Oportus M, Benitez VM, Reyes P, Pieck CL (2014) Influence of time and temperature on the regeneration of PtReIn/Al2O3 naphtha reforming catalysts. Catal Lett 144:1178–1187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-014-1282-9
Viswanadham N, Kamble R, Sharma A, Kumar M, Saxena AK (2008) Effect of Re on product yields and deactivation patterns of naphtha reforming catalyst. J Mol Catal A Chem 282:74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2007.11.025
Viswanadham N, Saxena SK, Garg MO (2013) Octane number enhancement studies of naphtha over noble metal loaded zeolite catalysts. J Ind Eng Chem 19:950–955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.11.014
Vrinat ML (1983) The kinetics of the hydrodesulfurization process: a review. Appl Catal 6:137–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-9834(83)80260-7
Wan G, Duan A, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Jiang G, Zhang D et al (2009) Hydrodesulfurization of fluidized catalytic cracking diesel oil over NiW/AMB catalysts containing H-type β-zeolite in situ synthesized from kaolin material. Energy Fuels 23:3846–3852. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900178n
Wan G, Duan A, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Jiang G, Zhang D et al (2010a) NiW/AMBT catalysts for the production of ultra-low sulfur diesel. Catal Today 158:521–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2010.08.021
Wan G, Duan A, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Jiang G, Zhang D et al (2010b) Zeolite beta synthesized with acid-treated metakaolin and its application in diesel hydrodesulfurization. Catal Today 149:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.07.098
Wang Y, Wang B, Rives A, Sun Y (2014) Hydrodesulfurization of transportation fuels over zeolite-based supported catalysts. Energy Environ Focus 3:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1166/eef.2014.1088
Wei Y, Liu Z, Wang G, Qi Y, Xu L, Xie P et al (2005) Production of light olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons through catalytic cracking of naphtha at lowered temperature. Stud Surf Sci Catal 158:1223–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(05)80468-9
Yao S, Zheng Y, Ng S, Ding L, Yang H (2012) The role of nanobeta zeolite in NiMo hydrotreating catalysts. Appl Catal A 435:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.05.038
Yin C, Zhu G, Xia D (2002a) Determination of organic sulfur compounds in naphtha. Part I. Identification and quantitative analysis of sulfides in FCC and RFCC naphthas. Prepr Am Chem Soc Div Petrol Chem 47:391–395
Yin C, Zhu G, Xia D (2002b) Determination of organic sulfur compounds in naphtha. Part II. Identification and quantitative analysis of thiophenes in FCC and RFCC naphthas. Prepr Am Chem Soc Div Petrol Chem 47:398–401
Zeelani GG, Ashrafi A, Dhakad A, Gupta G, Pal SL (2016) Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuels: a review
Zhagfarov FG, Grigor’eva NA, Lapidus AL (2005) New catalysts of hydrocarbon pyrolysis. Chem Technol Fuels Oils 41:141–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-005-0036-1
Zhang J, Qiu G, Fan L, Meng X, Cai Q, Wang Y (2015) Enhanced sulfur capacity of durable and regenerable mesoporous sorbents for the deep desulfurization of diesel. Fuel 153:578–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.056
Zinnen HA (1999) Removal of organic sulfur compounds from FCC gasoline using regenerable adsorbents. US Patent 5935422
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support given for this work by Presidency of Islamic Republic of Iran, National Elites Foundation and Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) (Grant No. 92650009).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nabgan, W., Rashidzadeh, M. & Nabgan, B. The catalytic naphtha reforming process: hydrodesulfurization, catalysts and zeoforming. Environ Chem Lett 16, 507–522 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0707-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0707-x