Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vertical soil–air CO2 dynamics at the Takayama deciduous broadleaved forest AsiaFlux site

  • Special Feature: Original Article
  • Lessons learned from CarboEastAsia: Carbon and water cycles in East Asian terrestrial ecosystems
  • Published:
Journal of Forest Research

Abstract

At the Takayama deciduous broadleaved forest Asiaflux site in Japan, the ecosystem carbon dynamics have been studied for more than two decades. In 2005, we installed non-dispersive infrared CO2 sensors in the soil below the site’s flux tower to systematically study vertical soil–air CO2 dynamics and explain the behavior of soil surface CO2 efflux. Soil–air CO2 concentrations measured from June 2005 through May 2006 showed sinusoidal variation, with maxima in July and minima in winter, similar to the soil CO2 effluxes measured simultaneously using open-flow chambers. Soil–air CO2 concentrations increased with soil depth from 5 to 50 cm: from 2,000 to 8,000 ppm in the summer and from 2,000 to 3,000 ppm in the winter under snow. Summer soil–air CO2 concentrations were positively correlated with soil moisture on daily and weekly scales, indicating that the Oi, Oe, and A horizons, where decomposition is accelerated by high-moisture conditions, contributed substantially to CO2 emissions. This result is consistent with the short residence time (about 2 h) of CO2 in the soil and larger emissions in shallow soil layers based on our diffusion model. We revealed for the first time that soil–air CO2 concentrations in winter were correlated with both snow depth and wind speed. CO2 transfer through the snow was hundreds of times the gas diffusion rates in the soil. Our estimate of the CO2 efflux during the snow-cover season was larger than previous estimates at TKY, and confirmed the important contribution of the snow-cover season to the site’s carbon dynamics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Colbeck SC (1989) Air movement in snow due to wind-pumping. J Glaciol 35:209–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook FJ, Thomas SM, Kelliher FM, Whitehead D (1998) A model of one-dimensional steady-state carbon dioxide diffusion from soil. Ecol Model 109:155–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Janssens IA (2006) Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440:165–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano H, Kim H, Tanaka Y (2003) Long-term half-hourly measurement of soil CO2 concentration and soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest. J Geophys Res 108(D20):4631. doi:10.1029/2003JD003766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kominami Y, Yokoyama K, Kawakata T (2004) Estimation of turbulent diffusion coefficient for CO2 movement in snow pack. Seppyo 66:353–363 (in Japanese with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee MS, Nakane N, Nakatsubo T, Mo W, Koizumi H (2002) Effects of rainfall events on soil CO2 flux in a cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Ecol Res 17:401–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MS, Nakane K, Nakatsubo T, Koizumi H (2003) Seasonal changes in the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous forest. Plant Soil 255:311–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MS, Nakane K, Nakatsubo T, Koizumi H (2005) The importance of root respiration in annual soil carbon fluxes in a cool-temperate deciduous forest. Agric For Meteorol 134:95–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MS, Mo W, Koizumi H (2006) Soil respiration of forest ecosystems in Japan and global implications. Ecol Res 21:828–839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liptzin D, Williams MW, Helmig D, Seok B, Filippa G, Chowanski K, Hueber J (2009) Process-level controls on CO2 fluxes from a seasonally snow-covered subalpine meadow soil, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry 95:151–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariko S, Nishimura N, Mo W, Matsui Y, Kibe T, Koizumi H (2000) Winter CO2 flux from soil and snow surfaces in a cool-temperate deciduous forest, Japan. Ecol Res 15:363–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizoguchi Y, Miyata A, Ohtani Y, Hirata R, Satoko Yuta S (2009) A review of tower flux observation sites in Asia. J For Res 14:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mo W, Lee MS, Uchida M, Inatomi M, Saigusa N, Mariko S, Koizumi H (2005a) Seasonal and annual variations in soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan. Agric For Meteorol 134:81–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mo W, Nishimura N, Mariko S, Uchida M, Inatomi M, Koizumi H (2005b) Interannual variation in CO2 effluxes from soil and snow surfaces in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Phyton 45:99–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murayama S, Takamura C, Yamamoto S, Saigusa N, Morimoto S, Kondo H, Nakazawa T, Aoki S, Usami T, Kondo M (2010) Seasonal variations of atmospheric CO2, δ13C, and δ18O at a cool temperate deciduous forest in Japan: influence of Asian monsoon. J Geophys Res 115:D17304. doi:10.1029/2009JD013626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelder JA, Mead R (1965) A simplex algorithm for function minimization. Comput J 7:308–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka T, Mo W, Satomura T, Inatomi M, Koizumi H (2007) Biometric based carbon flux measurements and net ecosystem production (NEP) in a temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest beneath a flux tower. Ecosystems 10:324–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osozawa S, Hasegawa S (1995) Diel and seasonal changes in carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an Andisol. Soil Sci 160:117–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team (2011) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN: 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org/

  • Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Murayama S, Kondo H, Nishimura N (2002) Gross primary production and net ecosystem production of a cool temperate deciduous forest estimated by the eddy covariance method. Agric For Meteorol 112:203–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Murayama S, Kondo H (2005) Interannual variability of carbon budget components in an AsiaFlux forest site estimated by long-term flux measurements. Agric For Meteorol 134:4–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sallam A, Jury WA, Jetey J (1984) Measurement of gas diffusion coefficient under relatively low air-filled porosity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48:3–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seok R, Helmig D, Williams MW, Liptzin D, Chowanski K, Hueber J (2009) An automated system for continuous measurements of trace gas fluxes through snow: an evaluation of the gas diffusion method at a subalpine forest site, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry 95:95–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suwa M, Katul GG, Oren R, Andrews J, Pippen J (2004) Impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on forest floor respiration in a temperate pine forest. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 18:GB2013. doi:10.1029/2003GB002182

  • Takagi K, Nomura M, Ashiya D, Takahashi H, Sasa K, Fujinuma Y, Shibata H, Akibayashi Y, Koike T (2005) Dynamic carbon dioxide exchange through snowpack by wind-driven mass transfer in a conifer-broadleaf mixed forest in northernmost Japan. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 19:GB2012. doi:10.1029/2004GB002272

  • Uchida M, Mo W, Nakatsubo T, Tsuchiya Y, Horikoshi T, Koizumi H (2005) Microbial activity and litter decomposition under snow cover in a cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest. Agric For Meteorol 134:102–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda Y, Ohtani Y, Mizoguchi Y, Nakamura T, Miyahara H (2008) Development of a CO2 gas analyzer for monitoring soil CO2 concentrations. J For Res 13:320–325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda T, Yonemura S, Tani A (2012) Comparison of the characteristics of small commercial NDIR CO2 sensor models and development of a portable CO2 measurement device. Sensors 12:3641–3655

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yonemura S, Yokozawa M, Shirato Y, Nishimura S, Nouchi I (2009) Soil CO2 concentrations and their implications in conventional and no-tillage agricultural fields. J Agric Meteorol 65:141–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was funded mainly by the Global Environment Research Fund of the Japan Ministry of the Environment (S-1: Integrated Study for Terrestrial Carbon Management of Asia in the 21st Century Based on Scientific Advancement). This work is also partly supported by the “Development of technology for mitigation and adaptation to climate change” project of the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and by KAKENHI (23310017). We are indebted to Mr. K. Abe, Mr. H. Iino, and Mr. T. Kamata of the National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences for performing the fieldwork. We also thank Mr. K. Kurumado of the Institute for Basin Ecosystem Studies, Gifu University, for providing a comfortable work area at the research station. Finally, we thank the journal editors and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on early drafts of our paper.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Nayeon Lee

    Present address: National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park, 16-1 Hogyeong-ri, Jucheon-myeon, Namwon-si, Jeonllabuk-do, 590-811, South Korea

  2. Hiroshi Koizumi

    Present address: Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan

    Seiichiro Yonemura, Masayuki Yokozawa, Gen Sakurai, Ayaka W. Kishimoto-Mo & Yasuhito Shirato

  2. Institute for Basin Ecosystem Studies, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan

    Nayeon Lee & Hiroshi Koizumi

  3. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan

    Shohei Murayama

  4. Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan

    Kentaro Ishijima

Authors
  1. Seiichiro Yonemura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Masayuki Yokozawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gen Sakurai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ayaka W. Kishimoto-Mo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nayeon Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shohei Murayama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Kentaro Ishijima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yasuhito Shirato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Hiroshi Koizumi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seiichiro Yonemura.

About this article

Cite this article

Yonemura, S., Yokozawa, M., Sakurai, G. et al. Vertical soil–air CO2 dynamics at the Takayama deciduous broadleaved forest AsiaFlux site. J For Res 18, 49–59 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-012-0385-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-012-0385-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation