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Fokale kortikale Dysplasien des Menschen

Histologische Befunde und Vorschläge zur Klassifikation

Focal cortical dysplasias: histological findings and suggestions for classification

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Abstract

Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) are frequent findings in therapy–refractory epilepsies of childhood. Variable clinical histories, as well as the spectrum of neuroradiological and histopathological findings render an internationally approved classification system difficult to obtain. This review summarizes major neuropathological features of FCD and discusses two recently published classification scales, i.e. from Palmini and Lüders and that established by Spreafico and Avanzini. Both systems rely on histopathological findings and separate two groups of patients: 1) focal cortical dysplasias with architectural abnormalities of cortical structure and ectopic neurons in the white matter and 2) cytoarchitectural abnormalities including dysplastic neurons and balloon cells. To elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of these complex malformations will be a major challenge for the future. The newly introduced neuropathological reference center for epilepsy surgery (www.epilepsie-register.de) may be a helpful tool for such clinicopathological research strategies.

Zusammenfassung

Fokale kortikale Dysplasien (FCD) stellen einen häufigen Befund bei therapierefraktären Epilepsien des Kindesalters dar. Klinik, Bildgebung und der histopathologische Befund variieren erheblich, sodass sich bislang noch kein international verbindliches Klassifikationssystem etablieren konnte. Im Folgenden werden die charakteristischen neuropathologischen Befunde bei FCD und die zwei gebräuchlichsten Klassifikationssysteme vorgestellt: Die Klassifikation der internationalen Liga gegen Epilepsie nach Palmini und Lüders sowie die Klassifikation der Mailänder Arbeitsgruppe von Spreafico und Avanzini. Beide Klassifikationsschemata unterscheiden im Wesentlichen zwei Gruppen: 1. Die Gruppe der FCD mit Störungen der kortikalen Architektur und ektopen Nervenzellen in der weißen Substanz und 2. die Gruppe mit zellulären Auffälligkeiten im Sinne von dysplastischen Nervenzellen und Ballonzellen. Weitere fakultative Befunde wie persistierende Neurone in Lamina I oder perivaskuläre Oligodendrozytencluster werden kontrovers diskutiert. Deshalb ist es umso wichtiger, für zukünftige Studien auch molekulargenetische Untersuchungen mit einzubeziehen, um Hinweise für die zu Grunde liegenden Pathomechanismen zu erhalten. Für diese Studie sind umfassende Gewebesammlungen sowie klinische Parameter zwingend erforderlich, wie sie derzeit durch das neuropathologische Epilepsieregister (www.epilepsie-register.de) erarbeitet werden.

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Correspondence to Ingmar Blümcke.

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Hildebrandt, M., Blümcke, I. Fokale kortikale Dysplasien des Menschen . Z Epileptol 17, 209–214 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10309-004-0071-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10309-004-0071-7

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