Abstract
More than 50% of the total migration from Bangladesh occurred from Sylhet, located to northern part of the country since the middle of the last century. This paper provides an empirical distinction between the temporary migrants (Bangladeshi citizens engaged in earning aboard) and the permanent migrants (those who have the dual citizenship) based on their cost conditions, earnings, and utilization of remittances in their country of origin. Temporary migrants’ educational status, per capita income allocation to family members, work experience before migration, source of income and income range are much lower compared with the permanent migrants. But, the dependency ratio, contribution to the family, remittances, risk etc. are higher for the permanent migrants than the temporary migrants. Cost of migration and the migration decision are inversely related. Migration costs determine individual’s decision to migrate permanently or temporarily. Our results suggest that higher migration cost reduces the probability of permanent migration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad QK, Zohora F (1997) Utilisation of remittance from abroad for local employment promotion: the case of Sylhet division. ILO and Bangladesh Unnayyan Parishad, Geneva and Dhaka [mimeo]
Ballard R (2001) The impact of kinship on the economic dynamics of transnational networks: reflections on some South Asian developments, workshop on Transnational Migration, 29 June-1 July 2001, Princeton University, Princeton, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/Ballard.pdf
Banerjee B (1984) The probability, size, and uses of remittances from urban to rural areas in India. J Dev Econ 16:293–311
BMET (2002) Recommendations made by the honourable advisor of the Ministry of Labour and Employment to reduce the cost of migration and increase wage in a meeting with BAIRA on July 22, 2001. In: Siddiqui T (ed) Beyond the maze: streaming labour recruitment process. RMMRU, Dhaka, pp 91–100
Borjas GJ (2000) Economics of migration. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 3.4(38)
Borjas GJ et al. (1996) Searching for the effect of immigration on the labor market. NBER working paper no. 5454
Brown RPC (1997) Estimating remittance functions for Pacific island migrants. World Dev 25(4):613–626
de Bruyn T, Kuddus U (2005) Dynamics of remittance utilization in Bangladesh. IOM, Geneva
Buch CM et al. (2002) Worker remittances and capital flows. Kiel Institute of World Economics, Kiel working paper no. 1130
Cai Q (2003) Migrant remittances and family ties: a case study in China. Int J Pop Geogr 9:471–483
Carrington WJ et al (1996) Migration with endogenous moving costs. Am Econ Rev 86(4):909–930
Chau NH (1997) The pattern of migration with variable migration cost. J Reg Sci 37(4)
Dos Santos MD, Postel-Vinay F (2003) Migration as a source of growth: the perspective of a developing country. J Pop Econ 16(1):161–175
Economic Trends (2005) Statistical Department of Bangladesh Bank. Department of Public Relations and Publication, Bangladesh Bank, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Francis E, Hoddinott J (1993) Migration and differentiation in western Kenya: a tale of two sub-locations. J Dev Stud 30(1):115–145
Gardner K (1993) Desh-Bidesh: Sylheti images of home and away. Man, New Series, 28(1):1–15
Ghatak S et al (1996) Migration theories and evidence: an assessment. J Econ Surv 10(2):159–198
Greenwood MJ (1985) Human migration: theory, models and empirical studies. J Reg Sci 25(4):521–544
Hare D (1999) ‘Push’ versus ‘Pull’ factors in migration outflows and returns: determinants of migration status and spell duration among China’s rural population. J Dev Stud 35:45–72
Hassan M (2000) Complementarity between international migration and trade: a case study of Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Stud 1(2), http://www.aedsb.org/JBSJune2000-MunirHassan.doc
Hoddinott J (1992) Modelling Remittance flows in Kenya. J Afr Econ 1:206–232
Hoddinott J (1994) A model of migration and remittances applied to western Kenya. Oxf Econ Pap New Series 46(3):459–476
Hossain MZ (2001) Rural-urban migration in Bangladesh: a micro-level study paper presented at 24th IUSSP General Conference, Salvador, Brazil, 18–24 August, http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S28_P02_Hossain.pdf
Islam M et al (1987) Overseas migration from rural Bangladesh: a micro study. Rural Economics Programme, Department of Economics, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
Kuddus UM (2003) Channeling diaspora remittance into the securities market of Bangladesh, internship report for IOM. Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka, Dhaka
Kurz M (1978) Altruism as an outcome of social interaction. Am Econ Rev, Papers and Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting to the American Economic Association, 68(2):216–222
Lucas REB, Stark O (1985) Motivations to remit: evidence from Botswana. J Polit Econ 93(5):901–918
Michael MS, Hatzipanayotou P (2001) Welfare effects of migration in societies with indirect taxes, income transfers and public good provision. J Dev Econ 64:1–24
Milne WJ (1993) Macroeconomic influences on migration. Reg Stud 27(4):365–373
Mincer J (1978) Family migration decisions. J Polit Econ 86(5):749–773
Pastor RA (1989) Migration and development: implications and recommendations for policy. Stud Comp Int Dev 24(4):46–64
Poirine B (1997) A theory of remittances as an implicit family loan arrangement. Reg Stud 25(4):589–611
Rempel H, Lobdell RA (1977) The role of urban-to-rural remittances in rural development. J Dev Stud 14:324–341
Schaeffer P (2005) Human capital, migration strategy, and brain drain. J Int Trade Econ Dev 14(3):319–335
Schwartz A (1973) Interpreting the effect of distance on migration. J Polit Econ 81(5):153–1169
Sewastynowicz J (1986) Two-step migration and upward mobility on the frontier: the safety value effect in Pajibaye, Costa Rica. Econ Dev Cult Change 34(4):731–753
Siddiqui T (2003) Institutionalising re-bonding: Bangladeshi diaspora in UK and US. Ministry of Expatriate Welfare and Overseas Employment of GoB and IOM, Dhaka [mimeo]
Siddiqui T (2004) Migration as a livelihood strategy of the poor: the Bangladesh case, paper presented at the conference on migration, development and pro-poor policy choices in Asia, Dhaka, 22–24 June, http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/docs/Dhaka_CP_5.pdf
Siddiqui T (eds) (2005) Migration and development pro-poor policy choices. The University Press Limited, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Siddiqui T, Malik S, Abrar CR (2001) Labour migration from Bangladesh and the trade unions. ILO, Geneva [mimeo]
Sjaastad LA (1962) The costs and returns of human migration. J Polit Econ 70(5):80–93
Stark O (1991) The migration in LCDs: risk, remittances, and family. Financ Dev 28(4):39–41
Stark O, Bloom DE (1985) The new economics of labor migration. Am Econ Rev, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Seventh Annual Meeting to the American Economic Association, 75 (2):173–178
Stark O, Lucas RE (1988) Migration, remittances and the family. Econ Dev Cult Change 36(3):465–481
Stark O et al (1988) Migration, remittances and inequality: a sensitivity analysis using the extended gini index. J Dev Econ 28:309–322
Swamy G (1981) International migrant worker’s remittances: issues and prospects. World Bank Staff Working Paper 481, August 1981
Taylor EJ (1992) Remittances and inequality reconsidered: direct, indirect and intertemporal effects. J Policy Model 14(2):187–208
Taylor EJ, Wyatt TJ (1996) The shadow value of migrant remittances, income and inequality in a household farm economy. J Dev Stud 32(6):899–912
Taylor EJ et al (2003) Migration and incomes in source communities: a new economics of migration perspective from china. Econ Dev Cult Change 52:75–101
Thompson H (1984) International migration, non-traded goods and economic welfare in the source country. J Dev Econ 16:321–324
Wildasin DE (1994) Income distribution and migration. Can J Econ 27(3):637–656
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Joarder, M.A.M., Hasanuzzaman, S. Migration decision from Bangladesh: permanent versus temporary. Asia Europe J 6, 531–545 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-008-0199-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-008-0199-6