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Redress and international criminal justice in Asia and Europe

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Notes

  1. Just to mention some modern examples, in Europe, memories of the horrors of the Second World War remain vivid. Many communities are still trying to recover from the conflicts in the Former Yugoslavia. In the Baltic states of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, it has taken many years for people to deal with decades of harsh Soviet occupation. One can recall also the Armenian genocide, systematic persecution of Roma minorities in Romania, crimes against humanity in Chechnya, torture and military dictatorship in Greece, civil war and terrorism in Northern Ireland. In Asia, some 140,000 persons lost their lives because of the atomic bombs dropped on 6 and 9 August 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There were some 60,000 immediate deaths from the explosion and the rest of the casualties were due to the effects of radiations. Millions suffered under Japanese occupation during WWII. In the Vietnam war alone, some 3 million North and South Vietnamese soldiers and civilians died. Many more had suffered already under French colonial rule. We can also mention Afghanistan with its enduring experience of ethnic conflict and civil war, the terrible extermination of millions during the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, the painful birth of East Timor to independent statehood, fighting in Kashmir, systematic violations in Myanmar, civil war in Nepal, tribal unrest and lawlessness in areas of Pakistan and Sri Lanka, or the conflict in Aceh province of Indonesia.

  2. Around 45 million litres were sprayed over one tenth of the total surface of Vietnam.

  3. See supra note 2.

  4. From 30 December 1965 to 25 February 1986, with military dictatorship from 1972.

  5. Articles 24(3) and 23(3) on penalties.

  6. Rule of procedure 106.

  7. People’s Daily Online, 19 October 2004.

  8. Ibid.

  9. The Fund has been asking Japanese cabinet ministers to provide donations for the compensation of some 290 ‘Comfort Women’ from South Korea, the Philippines and Taiwan, who have been offered ¥2 million each. Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi is expected to give about ¥150,000, while other cabinet ministers were asked to contribute ¥100,000. See South China Morning Post, 26 June 2002.

  10. BBC News, 15 October 2001.

  11. In terms ratifications, the geographic distribution is as follows: Africa 27 states parties, Western Europe and other states 26, Latin America and Caribbean States 20, Eastern Europe 14, Asia and Asia-Pacific 11, Middle East 1.

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  1. Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, P.O. Box 1155, 22105, Lund, Sweden

    Ilaria Bottigliero

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  1. Ilaria Bottigliero
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Correspondence to Ilaria Bottigliero.

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Bottigliero, I. Redress and international criminal justice in Asia and Europe. AEJ 3, 453–461 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-005-0026-2

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