Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Instantaneous re-initialization in real-time kinematic PPP with cycle slip fixing

  • Original Article
  • Published:
GPS Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The network-based real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning has been widely used for high-accuracy applications. However, the precise point positioning (PPP) technique can also achieve centimeter to decimeter kinematic positioning accuracy without restriction of inter-station distances but is not as popular as network RTK for real-time engineering applications. Typically, PPP requires a long initialization time and continuous satellite signals to maintain the high accuracy. In case of phase breaks or loss of signals, re-initialization is usually required. An approach of instantaneous cycle slips fixing using undifferenced carrier phase measurements is proposed, which leads to instantaneous re-initialization for real-time PPP. In the proposed approach, various errors such as real-time orbit and clock errors, atmosphere delay and wind-up effects are first refined and isolated from integer cycle slips. The integer values of cycle slips can then be estimated and fixed with the LAMBDA technique by applying a cascade cycle slip resolution strategy. Numerical experiments with different user dynamics are carried out to allow a comprehensive evaluation of efficiency and robustness of the cycle slip fixing algorithm. The results show that the cycle slips can be fixed correctly in all cases considered and that data gaps of up to 300 s can be connected with high confidence. As a result, instantaneous re-initialization is achieved in the real-time PPP processing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
Fig. 31

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Banville S, Langley R (2009) Improving realtime kinematic PPP with instantaneous cycle slip correction. In: Proceedings of ION GNSS 2009, 16–19 Sep, GA, USA

  • Bisnath S (2000) Efficient automated cycle slip correction of dual-frequency kinematic GPS data. In: Proceedings of ION GPS 2000, Salt Lake City, Utah, 19–22 Sep, pp 145–154

  • Blewitt G (1990) An automatic editing algorithm for GPS data. Geophys Res Lett 17:199–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boehm J, Niell A, Tregoning P, Schuh H (2006) Global mapping function (GMF): a new empirical mapping function based on numerical weather model data. Geophys Res Lett 33:L7304. doi:10.1029/2005GL025546

  • Collins P, Lahaye F, Héroux P, Bisnath S (2008) Precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution using the decoupled clock model. In: Proceedings of ION GNSS 2008, 16–19 Sep, GA, USA

  • Dai L, Wang J, Rizos C, Han S (2003) Predicting atmospheric biases for realtime ambiguity resolution in GPS/GLONASS reference station networks. J Geod 76(11–12):617–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Z, Bender M, Dick G, Ge M, Wickert J, Ramatschi M, Zou X (2009) Retrieving tropospheric delays from GPS networks densified with single frequency receivers. Geophys Res Lett 36:L19802. doi:10.1029/2009GL040018

  • Dow JM, Neilan RE, Rizos C (2009) The international GNSS service in a changing landscape of global navigation satellite systems. J Geod 83(3–4):191–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Li Z (1999) Cycle slip detection and ambiguity resolution algorithms for dual-frequency GPS data processing. Mar Geodesy 22(4):169–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Shen X (2001) Improving ambiguity convergence in carrier phase-based precise point positioning. In: Proceedings of ION GPS-2001, 11–14 Sep, Salt Lake City, pp 1532–1539

  • Ge M, Gendt G, Rothacher M, Shi C, Liu J (2008) Resolution of GPS carrier phase ambiguities in precise point positioning (PPP) with daily observations. J Geod 82(7):389–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geng J, Meng X, Dodson A, Ge M, Teferl F (2010) Rapid re-convergences to ambiguity-fixed solutions in precise point positioning. J Geod. doi:10.1007/s00190-010-0404-4

  • Hofmann-Wellenhof B, Lichtenegger H, Collins J (1997) GPS: theory and practice, 4th edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim D, Langley RB (2001) Instantaneous realtime cycle slip correction of dual-frequency GPS data. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on kinematic systems in geodesy, geomatics and navigation, Banff, Canada, 5–8 June, pp 255–264

  • Kouba J, Héroux P (2001) Precise point positioning using IGS orbit and clock products. GPS Solut 5(2):12–28. doi:10.1007/PL00012883

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurichesse D, Mercier F (2007) Integer ambiguity resolution on undifferenced GPS phase measurements and its application to PPP. In: Proceedings of 20th Int Tech Meet Satellite Div Inst Navigation GNSS 2007, 25–28 Sep, Fort Worth, TX, USA

  • Leick A (2004) GPS satellite surveying, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zhang X, Ge M (2010a) Regional reference network augmented precise point positioning for instantaneous ambiguity resolution. J Geod. doi:10.1007/s00190-010-0424-0

  • Li X, Zhang X, Ge M (2010b) PPP-RTK: realtime precise point positioning with zero-difference ambiguity resolution. CPGPS 2010, August, Shanghai, China

  • Rizos C (1999) Quality issues in realtime GPS positioning. Final Report of the IAG SSG 1.154

  • Saastamoinen J (1972) Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging of satellites. In: The use of artificial satellites for geodesy. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol 15. AGU, Washington, pp 247–251

  • Schaer S (1999) Mapping and predicting the earth’s ionosphere using the GPS. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Berne, Switzerland

  • Teunissen PJG (1995) The least squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment: a method for fast GPS integer estimation. J Geod 70:65–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teunissen PJG, Kleusberg A (1996) GPS for geodesy, volume 60 of lecture notes in earth sciences. Springer, New York, pp 175–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Stewart MP, Tsakiri M (1998) A discrimination test procedure for ambiguity resolution on-the-fly. J Geod 72(11):644–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Wu S, Hajj G, Bertiger W, Lichten S (1993) Effects of antenna orientation on GPS carrier phase. Manuscripta Geodaetica 18(2):91–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Andersen OB (2006) Surface ice flow velocity and tide retrieval of the Amery ice shelf using precise point positioning. J Geod 80(4):171–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Li X, Guo F (2010) Satellite clock estimation at 1 Hz for realtime kinematic PPP applications. GPS Solut. doi:10.1007/s10291-010-0191-7

  • Zhen D, Stefan K, Otmar L (2008) Realtime cycle slip detection and determination for multiple frequency GNSS. In: Proceedings of the 5th workshop on positioning, navigation and communication 2008 (WPNC’08)

  • Zou X, Deng Z, Ge M, Dick G, Jiang W, Liu J (2010) GPS data processing of networks with mixed single- and dual-frequency receivers for deformation monitoring. J Adv Space Res. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.02.027

  • Zumberge JF, Heflin MB, Jefferson DC, Watkins MM, Webb FH (1997) Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks. J Geophys Res 102(B3):5005–5017

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Maorong Ge from GeoForschungsZentrum German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam. The discussion with Dr Ge contributes significantly to this paper, and his advices have improved this article greatly. Thanks also go to Prof. Yanming Feng from Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia for his valuable comments. This study was supported by China National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 40874017, No: 41074024).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Zhang Xiaohong & Li Xingxing

  2. The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Li Xingxing

Authors
  1. Zhang Xiaohong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Li Xingxing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li Xingxing.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Xiaohong, Z., Xingxing, L. Instantaneous re-initialization in real-time kinematic PPP with cycle slip fixing. GPS Solut 16, 315–327 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-011-0233-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-011-0233-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation