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Aquatic insect faunas and communities of a mountain stream in Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

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Abstract

Aquatic insect communities were investigated from the Muonghoa Stream in the Sapa Highland (highest peak 3,143 m), a subtropical mountain stream in northern Vietnam. Field investigations for quantitative (Surber net 50 cm × 50 cm, mesh size 0.2 mm, riffle and pool/run) and qualitative (hand net, mesh size 1 mm) sampling were conducted at nine sites along the watercourse between 27 November and 2 December 2005. As a result, a total of 216 species (the majority of them undescribed) belonging to 139 genera, 61 families, and nine orders were recognized: 53 Ephemeroptera species (24.5%), nine Odonata species (4.2%), 15 Plecoptera species (6.9%), seven Hemiptera species (3.2%), 35 Coleoptera species (16.2%), one Megaloptera species (0.5%), 29 Diptera species (13.4%), 66 Trichoptera species (30.6%), and one Lepidoptera species (0.5%). Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Coleoptera represented the major aquatic insect groups with regard to taxonomic and individual richness, whereas Hemiptera and Odonata were relatively less diverse and abundant than in studies of other tropical Southeast Asian streams. The dominance, richness, and diversity indices (H′) fell within the following ranges [mean ± standard deviation (SD)]: 0.18–0.76 (0.42 ± 0.19), 4.13–9.19 (7.06 ± 1.45), and 1.61–3.22 (2.67 ± 0.55), respectively. Riffle habitats generally yielded numbers of aquatic insect species and individuals approximately twice that sampled in pool/run habitats. Shredders were relatively larger in proportion within the headwater reach, whereas scrapers and collector-gatherers were more abundant in the middle and lower stream reaches. This functional feeding group composition is characteristic of temperate streams in East Asia. The results of detrended correspondence analysis and Bray–Curtis cluster analysis indicated that aquatic insect compositions at the sampling sites were very reflective of the reach characteristics, which evidence gradual changes with altitude and stream order along the stream watercourse. This is the first comprehensive investigation of aquatic insects in highland Southeast Asian regions.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2005-212-C00002).

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Author notes

  1. Yeon Jae Bae

    Present address: Lab of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Division of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, South Korea

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea

    Sang Woo Jung & Yeon Jae Bae

  2. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Hanoi University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Van Vinh Nguyen & Quang Huy Nguyen

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  1. Sang Woo Jung
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  2. Van Vinh Nguyen
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  3. Quang Huy Nguyen
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Correspondence to Yeon Jae Bae.

Appendix 1. Aquatic insect taxa in the Muonghoa Stream of Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

Appendix 1. Aquatic insect taxa in the Muonghoa Stream of Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

Order Ephemeroptera

Family Leptophlebiidae

1. Choroterpes sp. 1

2. Choroterpes sp. 2

3. Choroterpes vittata

4. Habrophlebiodes prominens

5. Isca fascia

6. Isca sp.

7. Thraulus bishopi

8. Thraulus sp.

Family Potamanthidae

9. Potamanthus sp.

Family Ephemeridae

10. Ephemera sp.

Family Ephemerellidae

11. Cincticostella gosei

12. Cincticostella sp.

13. Epharacella sp.

14. Serratella sp.

15. Torleya arenosa

16. Torleya sp. 1

17. Torleya sp. 2

Family Austremerellidae

18. Vietnamella sp.

Family Caenidae

19. Caenis sp.

Family Isonychiidae

20. Isonychia formosana

Family Heptageniidae

21. Afronurus meo

22. Afronurus mnong

23. Epeorus hieroglyphicus

24. Epeorus aculatus

25. Epeorus bifurcates

26. Epeorus sp.

27. Ecdyonurus cervina

28. Ecdyonurus landai

29. Ecdyonurus sp. 1

30. Ecdyonurus sp. 2

31. Iron martinus

32. Iron sp.

33. Rhithrogena sp.

34. Rhithrogeniella tonkinensis

35. Rhithrogeniella sp.

Family Baetidae

36. Acentrella sp.

37. Baetiella sp. 1

38. Baetiella sp. 2

39. Baetiella sp. 3

40. Baetiella sp. 4

41. Baetis sp. 1

42. Baetis sp. 2

43. Baetis sp. 3

44. Centroptella sp. 1

45. Centroptella sp. 2

46. Heterocloeon sp. 1

47. Heterocloeon sp. 2

48. Labiobaetis sp. 1

49. Nigrobaetis sp. 1

50. Nigrobaetis sp. 2

51. Platybaetis sp. 1

52. Platybaetis sp. 2

53. Procloeon sp.

Order Odonata

Family Calopterygidae

54. Mnais sp.

55. Neurobasis sp.

Family Euphaeidae

56. Bayadera sp.

57. Euphaea sp.

Family Aeshnidae

58. Aeschnophlebia sp.

Family Cordulegastridae

59. Anotogaster sp.

Family Gomphidae

60. Ophiogomphus sp.

Family Libellulidae

61. Brachythemis sp. 1

62. Brachythemis sp. 2

Order Plecoptera

Family Nemouridae

63. Ampinemura sp.

64. Nemoura sp. 1

65. Nemoura sp. 2

66. Protonemura sp.

67. Sphaeronemoura sp.

Family Leuctridae

68. Perlomyia sp.

69. Rhopalopsole sp.

Family Perlidae

70. Acroneuria sp.

71. Kamimuria sp.

72. Kiotina sp

73. Neoperla sp.

74. Tetropina sp.

75. Togoperla sp. 1

76. Togoperla sp. 2

77. Togoperla sp. 3

Order Hemiptera

Family Naucoridae

78. Heleocoris sp.

Family Aphelocheiridae

79. Aphelocheirus sp.

Family Corixidae

80. Micronecta sp.

Family Helotrephidae

81. Helotrephes sp.

Family Hebridae

82. Hyrcanus sp.

83. Nieserius sp.

Family Gerridae

84. Rhyacobates sp.

Order Coleoptera

Family Gyrinidae

85. Gyretes sp.

86. Gyrinus sp.

Family Haliplidae

87. Haliplus sp.

Family Dytiscidae

88. Hydrovatus sp.

89. Rhantus sp.

Family Hydrophilidae

90. Berosus sp.

91. Enochrus sp.

92. Hydrobius sp.

93. Hydrochara sp.

94. Paracymus sp.

Family Hydraenidae

95. Limnebius sp.

96. Ochthebius sp.

Family Lampyridae

97. Luciola sp.

Family Noteridae

98. Hydrocoptus sp.

Family Sciritidae

99. Cyphon sp.

Family Ptilodactylidae

100. Stenocolus sp.

Family Dryopidae

101. Helichus sp.

Family Psephenidae

102. Eubrianax sp. 1

103. Eubrianax sp. 2

104. Psephenoides sp.

105. Psephenus sp.

Family Elmidae

106. Atractelmis sp.

107. Heterlimnius sp.

108. Macronychus sp. 1

109. Macronychus sp. 2

110. Ordobrevia sp.

111. Promoresia sp.

112. Stenelmis sp. 1

113. Stenelmis sp. 2

114. Stenelmis sp. 3

115. Stenelmis sp. 4

116. Zaitzevia sp. 1

117. Zaitzevia sp. 2

118. Zaitzevia sp. 3

119. Zaitzevia sp. 4

Order Megaloptera

Family Corydalidae

120. Protohermes sp.

Order Diptera

Family Tipulidae

121. Antocha sp.

122. Dicranota sp.

123. Hexatoma sp. 1

124. Hexatoma sp. 2

125. Holorusia sp.

126. Limnophila sp.

127. Tipula sp. 1

128. Tipula sp. 2

129. Tipula sp. 3

Family Blephariceridae

130. Blepharicera sp.

131. Philorus sp.

Family Psychodidae

132. Pericoma sp.

Family Simuliidae

133. Prosimulium sp.

134. Simulium sp.

Family Ceratopogonidae

135. Bezzia sp.

Family Chironomidae

136. Chironominae sp. 1

137. Chironominae sp. 2

138. Chironominae sp. 3

139. Chironominae sp. 4

140. Chironominae sp. 5

141. Chironominae sp. 6

142. Chironominae sp. 7

143. Chironominae sp. 8

144. Orthocladiinae sp.

145. Tanypodinae sp. 1

146. Tanypodinae sp. 2

Family Empididae

147. Hemerodromia sp.

Family Tabanidae

148. Tabanus sp. 1

149. Tabanus sp. 2

Order Trichoptera

Family Ecnomidae

150. Ecnomus sp.

Family Hydropsychidae

151. Amphipsyche sp.

152. Arctopsyche sp. 1

153. Arctopsyche sp. 2

154. Arctopsyche sp. 3

155. Ceratopsyche sp. 1

156. Ceratopsyche sp. 2

157. Ceratopsyche sp. 3

158. Ceratopsyche sp. 4

159. Ceratopsyche sp. 5

160. Ceratopsyche sp. 6

161. Ceratopsyche sp. 7

162. Ceratopsyche sp. 8

163. Ceratopsyche sp. 9

164. Cheumatopsyche sp. 1

165. Cheumatopsyche sp. 2

166. Cheumatopsyche sp. 3

167. Cheumatopsyche sp. 4

168. Diplectrona sp.

169. Hydropsyche sp. 1

170. Hydropsyche sp. 2

171. Hydropsyche sp. 3

172. Hydropsyche sp. 4

173. Hydropsyche sp. 5

174. Hydropsyche sp. 6

175. Hydatomaicus sp.

176. Hydromanicus sp. 1

177. Hydromanicus sp. 2

178. Macrostemum sp.

179. Parapsyche sp. 1

180. Parapsyche sp. 2

181. Potamyia sp. 1

182. Potamyia sp. 2

183. Trichomacronema sp.

Family Polycentropodidae

184. Neureclipsis sp.

185. Plectrocnemia sp. 1

186. Plectrocnemia sp. 2

187. Polycentropus sp.

Family Psychomyiidae

188. Lype sp.

189. Psychomyia sp. 1

190. Psychomyia sp. 2

191. Tinodes sp.

Family Philopotamidae

192. Chimarra sp. 1

193. Chimarra sp. 2

194. Dolophilodes sp. 1

195. Dolophilodes sp. 2

196. Wormaldia sp.

Family Stenopsychidae

197. Stenopsyche ulmeri

198. Stenopsyche sp.

Family Glossosomatidae

199. Glossosoma sp.

Family Hydroptilidae

200. Hydroptila sp.

201. Orthotrichia sp.

Family Rhyacophilidae

202. Himalopsyche sp.

203. Rhyacophila sp. 1

204. Rhyacophila sp. 2

205. Rhyacophila sp. 3

Family Hydrobiosidae

206. Apsilochorema sp.

Family Limnephilidae

207. Goera sp.

208. Moselyana sp.

Family Brachycentridae

209. Micrasema sp.

Family Lepidostomatidae

210. Lepidostoma sp. 1

211. Lepidostoma sp. 2

Family Odontoceridae

212. Psilotreta sp. 1

213. Psilotreta sp. 2

Family Leptoceridae

214. Ceraclea sp.

215. Triplectides sp.

Order Lepidoptera

Family Pyralidae

216. Parapoynx sp.

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Jung, S.W., Nguyen, V.V., Nguyen, Q.H. et al. Aquatic insect faunas and communities of a mountain stream in Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam. Limnology 9, 219–229 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-008-0250-8

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