Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The costs of schizophrenia in Spain

  • Original Papers
  • Published:
The European Journal of Health Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study estimated the economic impact of schizophrenia-related direct costs (medical and nonmedical costs) in Spain. Direct medical costs (hospitalizations, outpatient consultations, drug costs) and direct nonmedical costs (costs of informal care) were estimated based on prevalence costs for 2002. The total costs of schizophrenia were estimated at €1,970.8 million; direct medical costs accounted for 53% and informal care costs 47%. Despite having implemented a conservative approach, the health care costs associated with schizophrenia account for 2.7% of total public health care expenditure in Spain. The sum of medical and nonmedical costs give us a better definition of the magnitude of the problem in Spain as well as contributing to helping make the debate on this issue more transparent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anonymous (1993) Report on choices in health care. Ministry of Health, Welfare and Cultural Affairs: The Netherlands

  2. Anonymous (2001) Estadísticas de establecimientos sanitarios con régimen de internado. Ministry of Health Care and Consumer Affairs: Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anonymous (2002) Información terapéutica del sistema nacional de salud, vol 26, no 2. General Directorate of Pharmacy, Ministry of Health Care and Consumer Affairs: Madrid

  4. Anonymous (2002) Información terapéutica del sistema nacional de salud. vol 28, no 2–. General Directorate of Pharmacy, Ministry of Health Care and Consumer Affairs: Madrid

  5. Anonymous (2003) Estudio Depresión Monitor. TNS healthcare

  6. Baca E, Roca M, Varela C, on behalf of the ACE Group (2004) Prevalence of comorbidities in ambulatory schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotics. Poster presented at the ECNP, Stockholm

  7. Baca E, Roca M, Varela C, on behalf of the ACE Group (2004) Treatment profile of schizophrenic outpatients in Spain. Poster presented at the CINP, Paris

  8. Berg B van den, Brouwer W, Koopmanschap M (2004) Economic valuation of informal care: an overview of methods and applications. Eur J Health Econ 5: 36–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Carr VJ, Neil AL, Halpin SA et al. (2003) Costs of schizophrenia and other psychoses in urban Australia: findings from the Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders Study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 37: 31–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Clark RE, Xie H, Adarhi-Meija AM, Sergupta A (2001) Substitution between formal and informal care for persons with severe mental illness and substance use disorders. J Ment Health Policy Econ 4: 123–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Davis LM, Drummond MF (1994) Economics and schizophrenia: the real cost. Br J Psychiatry 165: 18–21

    Google Scholar 

  12. Díaz Berenguer JA, López Cabañas A, Cabeza Mora A (nd) Área técnica de la gerencia de atención primaria del Áreas de salud de Gran Canarias. Canary Islands Health Service

  13. Durán MA (2002) Los costes invisibles de la enfermedad. Fundación BBVA: Bilbao

  14. Evers SMAA, Ament AJHA (1995) Costs of schizophrenia in The Netherlands. Schizophr Bull 21: 141–153

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Foldemo A, Gullberg M, Ek AC, Bogren L (2005) Quality of life and burden in parents of outpatients with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40: 133–138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Frank RG, Berndt ER, Busch AB, Lehman AF (2003) Quality-constant price indexes for the ongoing treatment of schizophrenia: an exploratory study. NBER working paper no 10022

  17. Garattini L, Barbui C, Clemente R et al., on behalf of the Study Group SCORE (2004) Direct costs of schizophrenia and related disorders in Italy community mental health services: a multicenter, prospective 1-year follow up study. Schizophr Bull 30: 295–302

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gisbert R, Brosa M, Figueras M et al. (1998) El coste de la enfermedad en España: el coste de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Merck Sharp & Dohme: Madrid

  19. Goeree R, O’Brien BJ, Goering P et al. (1999) The economic burden of schizophrenia in Canada. Can J Psychiatry 44: 464–472

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Goeree R, Farahati F, Burke N et al. (2005) The economic burden of schizophrenia in Canada in 2004. Curr Med Res Opin 21: 2017–2028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC (1996) Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. Oxford University Press: New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Greenhalgh J, Knight C, Hind D et al. (2005) Clinical and cost-effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for depressive illness, schizophrenia, catatonia and mania: systematic reviews and economic modelling studies. Health Technol Assess 9: 1–170

    Google Scholar 

  23. Guest JF, Cookson RF (1999) Cost of schizophrenia to U.K. society. Pharmacoeconomics 15: 597–610

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Haro JM, Salvador-Carrulla L, Cabases J et al. (1998) Utilisation of mental health services and costs of patients with schizophrenia in three areas of Spain. Br J Psychiatry 173: 334–340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hodgson TA, Meiners MR (1982) Cost-of-illness methodology: a guide to assessment practices and procedures. Milbank Q 60: 429–491

    Google Scholar 

  26. Johnstone EC, Frith CD, Leary J et al. (1991) Background, method and general description of the sample. Br J Psychiatry 159 [Suppl 13]: 43–46

  27. Kaplan-Sadock (2004) Sinopsis de psiquiatría, 9th edn. Waverly Hispánica: Madrid

  28. Knapp M (1997) Costs of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 171: 509–515

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Loosbrock DL, Zhao Z, Johnstone BM, Morris LS (2003) Antipsychotic medication use patterns and associated costs of care for individuals with schizophrenia. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2003 6: 67–75

    Google Scholar 

  30. Magliano L, Fadden G, Madianos M et al. (1998) Burden on the families of patients with schizophrenia: results of the BIOMED I study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33: 405–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Martínez A, Nadal S, Beperet M, Mendioroz P and the Grupo Psicot (2000) Sobrecarga de los cuidados familiares de pacientes con esquizofrenia: factores determinantes. Anal Sis San Navarra 23: 101–110

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mata I, Beperet M, Madoz V and the grupo Psicost (2000) Prevalencia e incidencia de la esquizofrenia en Navarra. Anal Sis San Navarra 23 [Suppl 1]: 29–36

  33. Max W, Rice DP, Mackenzie EJ (1990) The lifetime cost of injury. Inquiry 27: 332–343

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Montejo AL, Majadas S and the Grupo GEOPTE (2006) Análisis de los patrones de prescripción de antipsicóticos en Psiquiatría. Actas Esp Psiquiatr (in press)

  35. Oliva J, Lobo F, Molina B, Monereo S (2004) Direct health care costs of diabetic patients in Spain. Diabetes Care 27: 2616–2621

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Oliva J, Lobo F, López-Bastida J et al. (2005) Indirect costs of cervical and breast cancer in Spain. Eur J Health Econ 6: 309–313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pang F (2002) Design, analysis and presentation of multinational economic studies; the need for guidance. Pharmacoeconomics 20: 75–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rice D, Miller LS (1996) The economic burden of schizophrenia: conceptual and methodological issues and costs estimates. In: Moscarelli M, Rupp A and Sartorius N (eds) Handbook of mental health economics and health policy, vol 1. Wiley: Chichester

  39. Robinson JC (1986) Philosophical origins of the economic valuation of life. Milbank Q 64: 133–155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rouillon F, Toumi M, Dansette GY et al. (1997) Some aspects of the cost of squizophrenia in France. Pharmacoeconomics 11: 578–594

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Salvador-Carulla L, Haro JM, Cabases J et al. (1999) Service utilization and costs of first-onset schizophrenia in two widely differing health service areas in north-east Spain. PSICOST Group. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100: 335–343

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. SEPB, SEMERGEN and SEP (2003) Uso y seguimiento del tratamiento con antidepresivos en atención primaria en España. Scientific Comunication Management: Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (2003) The economic and social costs of mental illness. Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health: London

    Google Scholar 

  44. Vázquez-Barquero JL, Diez Manrique JF, Pena C et al. (1987) A community mental health survey in Cantabria: a general description of morbidity. Psychol Med 17: 227–241

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vos T, Haby MM, Magnus A et al. (2005) Assessing cost-effectiveness in mental health: helping policy-makers prioritize and plan health services. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 39: 701–712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wu EQ, Birnbaum HG, Shi L et al. (2005) The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 1122–1129

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wyatt RJ, Henter I, Leary MC, Taylor E (1995) An economic evaluation of schizophrenia 1991. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 30: 196–205

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from Eli Lilly, España.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan Oliva-Moreno.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Oliva-Moreno, J., López-Bastida, J., Osuna-Guerrero, R. et al. The costs of schizophrenia in Spain. Eur J Health Econ 7, 179–184 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-006-0350-5

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-006-0350-5

Keywords

Navigation