Abstract
Many animals seasonally travel between their breeding and wintering grounds. With their advanced mobility, birds often migrate over thousands of kilometres. Recently, satellite-tracking studies have revealed peculiar migration routes for some avian species at a global scale. However, the adaptability of such migration routes has not been clearly demonstrated. Using satellite-tracking data for 33 individuals, we show that the Japanese population of Oriental honey-buzzards (Pernis ptilorhynchus) directly crosses the 650-km-wide East China Sea during their autumn migration, although they fly a longer route around the sea rather than directly crossing it during their spring migration. By applying aerodynamic theory, we show that the buzzards could cross the sea by soaring and gliding flight. Moreover, using a high-resolution meteorological-prediction analysis, we demonstrate that the migratory trajectory of the birds strongly depends on the wind direction at their estimated locations. In the area, northeastern tailwinds blow stably only during autumn. Thermals were abundant ca. 500–1,000 m over the East China Sea in autumn, but that was not the case in spring. We suggest that the autumn-migration route across the East China Sea is likely to have evolved in response to the specific weather conditions over the sea. Animations showing movements of Oriental honey-buzzards and temporal change in weather conditions are available at: http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo110822oh01a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo110822oh02a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo110822oh04a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo110822oh05a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo110822oh06a, and http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo110822oh07a.
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Acknowledgments
We thank K.-I. Tokita, K. Uchida, K. Kuno, M. Saeki, E. Hiraoka, N. Hijikata, F. Nakayama, T. Endo, Y. Nishizawa, M. Hotta, H. Nakamura and M. Takahashi and several others for their assistance in the field. C.J. Pennycuick gave comments on the aerodynamic analysis. This study was funded by the Ministry of the Environment in Japan.
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10164_2011_301_MOESM2_ESM.mov
Movie 1 Animation showing movements of satellite-tracked Oriental honey-buzzards and the temporal change in the weather conditions in the area that includes the East China Sea, the Korea/Tsushima Strait, and the Korea Peninsula during the 2006-2008 autumn seasons. See also the legend of figure 4 in the main text (MOV 29702 kb)
10164_2011_301_MOESM3_ESM.mov
Movie 2 Animation showing movements of satellite-tracked Oriental honey-buzzards and the temporal change in the weather conditions in the area that includes the East China Sea, the Korea/Tsushima Strait, and the Korea Peninsula during the 2007-2009 spring seasons. See also the legend of figure 4 in the main text (MOV 25626 kb)
10164_2011_301_MOESM4_ESM.mov
Movie 3 Animation showing movements of satellite-tracked Oriental honey-buzzards and the temporal change in the estimated thermal energies of lower altitudes (200-600 m) in the area that includes the East China Sea, the Korea/Tsushima Strait, and the Korea Peninsula during the 2006-2008 autumn seasons. See also the legend of figure 5 in the main text (MOV 9135 kb)
10164_2011_301_MOESM5_ESM.mov
Movie 4 Animation showing movements of satellite-tracked Oriental honey-buzzards and the temporal change in the estimated thermal energies of higher altitudes (600-1000 m) in the area that includes the East China Sea, the Korea/Tsushima Strait, and the Korea Peninsula during the 2006-2008 autumn seasons. See also the legend of figure 5 in the main text (MOV 6095 kb)
10164_2011_301_MOESM6_ESM.mov
Movie 5 Animation showing movements of satellite-tracked Oriental honey-buzzards and the temporal change in the estimated thermal energies of lower altitudes (200-600 m) in the area that includes the East China Sea, the Korea/Tsushima Strait, and the Korea Peninsula during the 2007-2009 spring seasons. See also the legend of figure 5 in the main text (MOV 2306 kb)
10164_2011_301_MOESM7_ESM.mov
Movie 6 Animation showing movements of satellite-tracked Oriental honey-buzzards and the temporal change in the estimated thermal energies of higher altitudes (600-1000 m) in the area that includes the East China Sea, the Korea/Tsushima Strait, and the Korea Peninsula during the 2007-2009 spring seasons (MOV 2484 kb)
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Yamaguchi, N.M., Arisawa, Y., Shimada, Y. et al. Real-time weather analysis reveals the adaptability of direct sea-crossing by raptors. J Ethol 30, 1–10 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-011-0301-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-011-0301-1