Abstract
Sugar industries produce vast quantity of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste which is used as raw material by biorefineries; however, the resulted pretreated waste or fermented residues remain unaddressed. Keeping sustainable utilization in view, recycling of pretreated SCB through composting was conducted for an eco-friendly waste management approach. This study was designed to recycle and evaluate biodegradation of different types of chemically pretreated and fermented SCB that were used as bulking agent under composting condition while untreated SCB set as control. After 112 days, composts were considered mature at 23–29 °C with pH 7.1–7.3 and 30–35% moisture content. Gravimetric analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy suggested that pretreated and untreated composted SCB showed significant cellulose reduction and delignification, respectively. Black gram seeds (Vigna mungo) were selected for phytotoxic test that showed germination index using compost extract > 80%, significantly higher than composted cattle manure and chemical fertilizer. Water holding capacity (WHC) of compost was highest in the case of fermented SCB suggesting the formation of better textured compost. Taken together, composting of chemically pretreated and fermented SCB resulted in improved biodegradation of lignocellulosic waste with better WHC and no phytotoxicity. The results may lead towards the establishment of a zero-waste sugarcane bagasse biorefinery.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10163-021-01176-w/MediaObjects/10163_2021_1176_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10163-021-01176-w/MediaObjects/10163_2021_1176_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10163-021-01176-w/MediaObjects/10163_2021_1176_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10163-021-01176-w/MediaObjects/10163_2021_1176_Fig4_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10163-021-01176-w/MediaObjects/10163_2021_1176_Fig5_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10163-021-01176-w/MediaObjects/10163_2021_1176_Fig6_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Iqbal MA, Iqbal A (2014) Sugarcane production, economics and industry in Pakistan. Am J Agric Environ Sci 14:1470–1477. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.12.12479
Monteiro SN, Candido VS, Braga FO, Bolzan LT, Weber RP, Drelich JW (2016) Sugarcane bagasse waste in composites for multilayered armor. Eur Polym J 78:173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.03.031
Taiwo AM (2011) Composting as a sustainable waste management technique in developing countries. J Environ Sci Technol 4:93–102. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2011.93.102
Biswas R, Uellendahl H, Ahring BK (2015) Wet explosion: a universal and efficient pretreatment process for lignocellulosic biorefineries. Bioenergy Res 8:1101–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-015-9590-5
Loh YR, Sujan D, Rahman ME, Das CA (2013) Review sugarcane bagasse. The future composite material: a literature review. Resour Conserv Recycl 75:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.03.002
Qadir F, Shariq M, Ahmed A, Sohail M (2018) Evaluation of a yeast co-culture for cellulase and xylanase production under solid state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse using multivariate approach. Ind Crops Prod 123:407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.021
Yoon LW, Ngoh GC, May Chua AS, Hashim MA (2011) Comparison of ionic liquid, acid and alkali pretreatments for sugarcane bagasse enzymatic saccharification. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 86:1342–1348. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2651
Ejaz U, Muhammad S, Ali FI, Hashmi IA, Sohail M (2019) Methyltrioctylammonium chloride mediated removal of lignin from sugarcane bagasse for themostable cellulase production. Int J Biol Macromol 140:1064–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.206
Ribeiro B, Yamashiki Y, Yamamoto T (2020) A study on mechanical properties of mortar with sugarcane bagasse fiber and bagasse ash. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 22:1844–1851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01071-w
de Paiva FFG, de Maria VPK, Torres GB et al (2018) Sugarcane bagasse fiber as semi-reinforcement filler in natural rubber composite sandals. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 21:326–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0801-y
NDeye DD, Malick MB, Massaer NG, Mouhamed K, Emmanuel T, Cheikh TM (2017) Composting of sugar cane bagasse by Bacillus strains. Afr J Biotechnol 16:113–123. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2015.14998
Reis de Figueirêdo V, Martos ET, de Siqueira FG et al (2013) Microbial inoculation during composting improves productivity of sun mushroom (Agaricus subrufescens Peck). Afr J Biotechnol 7:4430–4434. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2013.5944
Alavi N, Daneshpajou M, Shirmardi M, Goudarzi G, Neisi A, Babaei AA (2017) Investigating the efficiency of co-composting and vermicomposting of vinasse with the mixture of cow manure wastes, bagasse, and natural zeolite. Waste Manag 69:117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.039
Horiuchi JI, Tada K, Kobayashi M, Kanno T, Ebie K (2004) Biological approach for effective utilization of worthless onions vinegar production and composting. Resour Conserv Recycl 40:97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(03)00036-3
Bernal MP, Alburquerque JA, Moral R (2009) Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review. Bioresour Technol 100:5444–5453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027
Brischke C, Wegener FL (2019) Impact of water holding capacity and moisture content of soil substrates on the moisture content of wood in terrestrial microcosms. Forests 10:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10060485
Harper SHT, Lynch JM (1981) The chemical components and decomposition of wheat straw leaves, internodes and nodes. J Sci Food Agric 32:1057–1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740321103
Font-Palma C (2019) Methods for the treatment of cattle manure: a review. J Carbon Res 5:27. https://doi.org/10.3390/c5020027
Azizullah A, Nasir A, Richter P, Lebert M, Häder DP (2011) Evaluation of the adverse effects of two commonly used fertilizers, DAP and urea, on motility and orientation of the green flagellate Euglena gracilis. Environ Exp Bot 74:140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.05.011
Luo Y, Liang J, Zeng G et al (2018) Seed germination test for toxicity evaluation of compost: Its roles, problems and prospects. Waste Manag 71:109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.023
Diaz LF, Savage GM (2007) Chapter 4 factors that affect the process. Compost Sci Technol 8:49–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1478-7482(07)80007-8
Azim K, Soudi B, Boukhari S, Perissol C, Roussos S, Thami Alami I (2017) Composting parameters and compost quality: a literature review. Org Agric 8:141–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-017-0180-z
Ogunwande GA, Osunade JA, Adekalu KO, Ogunjimi LAO (2008) Nitrogen loss in chicken litter compost as affected by carbon to nitrogen ratio and turning frequency. Bioresour Technol 99:7495–7503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.020
Fricke K, Vogtmann H (1994) Compost quality: physical characteristics, nutrient content, heavy metals and organic chemicals. Toxicol Environ Chem 43:95–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249409358021
Hernando S, Lobo MC, Polo A (1989) Effect of the application of a municipal refuse compost on the physical and chemical properties of a soil. Sci Total Environ 81–82:589–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90167-8
Lodolini EM, Pica F, Massetani F, Neri D (2016) Physical, chemical and biological properties of some alternative growing substrates. Int J Soil Sci 12:32–38. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijss.2017.32.38
Yue K, Yang W, Peng Y et al (2016) Dynamics of multiple metallic elements during foliar litter decomposition in an alpine forest river. Ann For Sci 73:547–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0549-2
Maryana R, Marifatun D, Wheni IA, Satriyo KW, Rizal WA (2014) Alkaline pretreatment on sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production. Energy Procedia 47:250–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.221
Corrales RCNR, Mendes FMT, Perrone CC et al (2012) Structural evaluation of sugar cane bagasse steam pretreated in the presence of CO2 and SO2. Biotechnol Biofuels 5:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-36
Lan W, Liu CF, Sun RC (2011) Fractionation of bagasse into cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin with ionic liquid treatment followed by alkaline extraction. J Agric Food Chem 59:8691–8701. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf201508g
Lv P, Almeida G, Perré P (2015) TGA-FTIR analysis of torrefaction of lignocellulosic components (cellulose, xylan, lignin) in isothermal conditions over a wide range of time durations. BioResources 10:4239–4251. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.3.4239-4251
Gariglio NF, Buyatti MA, Pilatti RA, Russia DEG, Acosta MR (2002) Use of a germination bioassay to test compost maturity of willow (Salix sp.) sawdust. New Zeal J Crop Hortic Sci 30:135–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2002.9514208
Oktiawan W, Zaman B, Purwono S (2018) Use of a germination bioassay to test compost maturity in Tekelan Village. E3S Web Conf 31:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183105012
Selim SM, Zayed MS, Houssam MA (2012) Evaluation of phytotoxicity of compost during composting process. Nat Sci 10:69–77. https://doi.org/10.7537/marsnsj100212.12
Ali AS, Elozeiri AA (2017) Metabolic processes during seed germination. Advances in Seed Biology. InTech, London, pp 141–166. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70653
Singh J, Sastry EVD, Singh V (2012) Effect of salinity on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) during seed germination stage. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 18:45–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-011-0097-z
Hatmi S, Villaume S, Trotel-Aziz P, Barka EA, Clément C, Aziz A (2018) Osmotic stress and ABA affect immune response and susceptibility of grapevine berries to gray mold by priming polyamine accumulation. Front Plant Sci 9:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01010
Erhart E, Burian K (1997) Evaluating quality and suppressiveness of Austrian biowaste composts. Compost Sci Util 5:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.1997.10701881
Al-Erwy AS, Bafeel SO, Al-Toukhy A (2016) Effect of chemical, organic and bio Fertilizers on germination, growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants irrigated with sea water. Agric Biol J North Am 7:121–123. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2016.7.3.121.133
Acknowledgement
The current research work is a part of NRPU project under grant no. 6579 and has been funded by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ansari, M., Zafar, U., Ejaz, U. et al. Comparison of composting of chemically pretreated and fermented sugarcane bagasse for zero-waste biorefinery. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 23, 911–921 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01176-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01176-w