Abstract
The recycling of raw-state bottom ash as it is holds an advantage from an economic and environmental standpoint in that it omits pre-processes such as milling and wetting. Its physical and chemical properties are first characterized for the purpose, and then the use of raw-state bottom ash for aggregates in construction materials is proposed. Preplaced aggregate concrete or dry-mixing concrete scheme can be selectively applied according to the particle size requirement of bottom ash aggregate. Preplaced bottom ash aggregate concrete is produced by placing the bottom ash aggregate in formwork and injecting grout to fill the voids. To ensure the injectability of the grout, relatively large-sized particles, greater than 5 mm, are recommended to be used. In the case of dry-mixing concrete, this is originally designed for manufacturing concrete masonry units and concrete blocks with a low water-to-cement ratio and consolidated zero-slump concrete using a mechanized vibrating mold. The experimental results show that bottom ash aggregate concrete has moderate compressive strength with a low density.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aggarwal P, Aggarwal Y, Gupta SM (2007) Effect of bottom ash as replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Asian J Civ Eng (Build Housing) 8:49–62
Chindaprasirt P, Jaturapitakkul C, Chalee W, Rattanasak U (2009) Comparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and bottom ash geopolymers. Waste Manag 29:539–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.023
Kim HK, Lee HK (2015) Coal bottom ash in field of civil engineering: a review of advanced applications and environmental considerations. KSCE J Civ Eng 19:1802–1818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0282-7
Cheriaf M, Rocha JC, Péra J (1999) Pozzolanic properties of pulverized coal combustion bottom ash. Cem Concr Res 29:1387–1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00098-8
Sathonsaowaphak A, Chindaprasirt P, Pimraksa K (2009) Workability and strength of lignite bottom ash geopolymer mortar. J Hazard Mater 168:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.120
Jaturapitakkul C, Cheerarot R (2003) Development of Bottom Ash as Pozzolanic Material. J Mater Civ Eng 15:48–53
Ul Haq E, Padmanabhan SK, Licciulli A (2014) Synthesis and characteristics of fly ash and bottom ash based geopolymers—a comparative study. Ceram Int 40:2965–2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.10.012
Canpolat F, Yılmaz K, Köse M et al (2004) Use of zeolite, coal bottom ash and fly ash as replacement materials in cement production. Cem Concr Res 34:731–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00063-2
Pera J, Coutaz L, Ambroise J, Chababbet M (1997) use of incinerator bottom ash in concrete. Cem Concr Res 27:1–5
Singh M, Siddique R (2014) Strength properties and micro-structural properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Constr Build Mater 50:246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2013.09.026
Rafieizonooz M, Mirza J, Salim MR et al (2016) Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as replacement for sand and cement. Constr Build Mater 116:15–24
Bai Y, Darcy F, Basheer PAM (2005) Strength and drying shrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ash as fine aggregate. Constr Build Mater 19:691–697
O’Malley J, Abdelgader H (2010) Investigation into viability of using two-stage (pre-placed aggregate) concrete in Irish setting. Front Archit Civ Eng China 4:127–132
Najjar MF, Soliman AM, Nehdi ML (2014) Critical overview of two-stage concrete: Properties and applications. Constr Build Mater 62:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.021
Yoon JY, Kim JH, Hwang YY, Shin DK (2015) Lightweight concrete produced using a two-stage casting process. Materials (Basel) 8:1384–1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8041384
Ling T-C (2012) Effects of compaction method and rubber content on the properties of concrete paving blocks. Constr Build Mater 28:164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2011.08.069
Poon C-S, Kou S, Wan H, Etxeberria M (2009) Properties of concrete blocks prepared with low grade recycled aggregates. Waste Manag 29:2369–2377. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2009.02.018
Poon CS, Kou SC, Lam L (2002) Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and blocks. Constr Build Mater 16:281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00019-3
Poon CS, Lam CS (2008) The effect of aggregate-to-cement ratio and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-cast concrete blocks. Cem Concr Compos 30:283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2007.10.005
PANalytical X’Pert HighScore Plus v3.0
Allmann R, Hinek R (2007) The introduction of structure types into the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database ICSD. Acta Crystallogr A 63:412–417
Criado M, Fernández-Jiménez A, De La Torre AG et al (2007) An XRD study of the effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratio on the alkali activation of fly ash. Cem Concr Res 37:671–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.01.013
ul Haq E, Kunjalukkal Padmanabhan S, Licciulli A (2014) Synthesis and characteristics of fly ash and bottom ash based geopolymers–a comparative study. Ceram Int 40:2965–2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.10.012
Liu X, Chia KS, Zhang M-H (2011) Water absorption, permeability, and resistance to chloride-ion penetration of lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 25:335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2010.06.020
Dhir RK, Hubbard FH, L.Munday JG et al (1988) Contribution of PFA to concrete workability and strength development. Cem Concr Res 18:277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(88)90012-9
Islam Laskar A, Talukdar S (2007) Rheological behavior of high performance concrete with mineral admixtures and their blending. Constr Build Mater 22:2345–2354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.004
Yoon JY, Kim JH (2018) Evaluation on the consumption and performance of polycarboxylates in cement-based materials. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.004
Li G (2004) Properties of high-volume fly ash concrete incorporating nano-SiO 2. Cem Concr Res 34:1043–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.013
Mehta PK, Monteiro PJM (2013) Concrete: microstructure, properties, and materials. McGraw Hill Professional
Siddique R (2004) Performance characteristics of high-volume Class F fly ash concrete. Cem Concr Res 34:487–493
Bogas JA, Gomes A (2013) Compressive behavior and failure modes of structural lightweight aggregate concrete—characterization and strength prediction. Mater Des 46:832–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.004
Zhang M-H, Gjørv OE (1992) Penetration of cement paste into lightweight aggregate. Cem Concr Res 22:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(92)90135-I
Bogas JA, Gomes A, Pereira MFC (2012) Self-compacting lightweight concrete produced with expanded clay aggregate. Constr Build Mater 35:1013–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.111
Guneyisi E, Gesoglu M, Booya E (2012) Fresh properties of self-compacting cold bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate concrete with different mineral admixtures. Mater Struct 45:1849–1859. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9874-6
Andrade LB, Rocha JC, Cheriaf M (2007) Evaluation of concrete incorporating bottom ash as a natural aggregates replacement. Waste Manag 27:1190–1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2006.07.020
Zhang M-H, Gjørv OE (1990) Microstructure of the interfacial zone between lightweight aggregate and cement paste. Cem Concr Res 20:610–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(90)90103-5
Lo TY, Cui HZ (2004) Effect of porous lightweight aggregate on strength of concrete. Mater Lett 58:916–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2003.07.036
Yasar E, Atis CD, Kilic A, Gulsen H (2003) Strength properties of lightweight concrete made with basaltic pumice and fly ash. Mater Lett 57:2267–2270
Al-Jabri KS, Hago AW, Al-Nuaimi AS, Al-Saidy AH (2005) Concrete blocks for thermal insulation in hot climate. Cem Concr Res 35:1472–1479
Demirboga R, Orüng I, Gül R (2001) Effects of expanded perlite aggregate and mineral admixtures on the compressive strength of low-density concretes. Cem Concr Res 31:1627–1632
Elsharief A, Cohen MD, Olek J (2005) Influence of lightweight aggregate on the microstructure and durability of mortar. Cem Concr Res 35:1368–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.011
Lo Y, Gao X, Jeary A (1999) Microstructure of pre-wetted aggregate on lightweight concrete. Build Environ
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yoon, J.Y., Lee, J.Y. & Kim, J. Use of raw-state bottom ash for aggregates in construction materials. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 21, 838–849 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00841-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00841-5