Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical significance of home blood pressure and its possible practical application

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Clinical and Experimental Nephrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Home blood pressure (BP) is highly reproducible and its reproducibility is better than ambulatory BP. Because of this feature, home BP has a greater prognostic value at least than clinic BP and is extremely effective for the evaluation of drug effects and their duration. The introduction of home BP for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension facilitates long-term BP control. Home BP is particularly important for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in renal diseases, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, and children. Home BP measurements improve adherence to medications and medical consultations, and are indispensable for diagnosis of white coat hypertension and masked hypertension. Such efficiency improves the medical economy. Home BP can detect minimal change in BP mediated by medication, and intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli and detect long-term change in BP. Thus, home BP is now indispensable for improvement in the management of hypertension in medical practice as well as for the recognition of hypertension in the general population. Standardization of the measurement procedure may elevate the position of home BP in the practice of diagnosing and treating hypertension.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sakuma M, Imai Y, Nagai K, Watanabe N, Sakuma H, Minami N, Satoh H, Abe K. Reproducibility of home blood pressure measurements over a 1-year period. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:798–803.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brueren MM, van Limpt P, Schouten HJ, de Leeuw PW, van Ree JW. Is a series of blood pressure measurements by the general practitioner or the patient a reliable alternative to ambulatory blood pressure measurement? A study in general practice with reference to short-term and long-term between-visit variability. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:879–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Stergiou GS, Baibas NM, Gantzarou AP, Skeva II, Kalkana CB, Roussias LG, Mountokalakis TD. Reproducibility of home, ambulatory, and clinic blood pressure: implications for the design of trials for the assessment of antihypertensive drug efficacy. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:101–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hernández-del Rey R, Martin-Baranera M, Sobrino J, Gorostidi M, Vinyoles E, Sierra C, Segura J, Coca A, Ruilope LM, Spanish Society of Hypertension Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Registry Investigators. Reproducibility of the circadian blood pressure pattern in 24-h versus 48-h recordings: the Spanish Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Registry. J Hypertens. 2007;25:2406–12.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Salerno M, Valerio C, Fusi V, Severgnini B, Lonati L, Magrini F, Zanchetti A. Cardiovascular target organ damage in essential hypertensives with or without reproducible nocturnal fall in blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2004;22:273–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. White WB, Larocca GM. Improving the utility of the nocturnal hypertension definition by using absolute sleep blood pressure rather than the “dipping” proportion. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:1439–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Manning G, Rushton L, Donnelly R, Millar-Craig MW. Variability of diurnal changes in ambulatory blood pressure and nocturnal dipping status in untreated hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13:1035–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mochizuki Y, Okutani M, Donfeng Y, Iwasaki H, Takusagawa M, Kohno I, Mochizuki S, Umetani K, Ishii H, Ijiri H, Komori S, Tamura K. Limited reproducibility of circadian variation in blood pressure dippers and nondippers. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:403–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Hashimoto J. Practical aspect of monitoring hypertension based on self-measured blood pressure at home. Intern Med. 2004;43:771–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Imai Y, Kario K, Shimada K, Kawano Y, Hasebe N, Matsuura H, Tsuchihashi T, Ohkubo T, Kuwajima I, Miyakawa M. The Japanese society of hypertension guidelines for self-monitoring of Blood Pressure at home (Second Edition). Hypertens Res. 2012;35:777–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. American National Standard. Electronic or automated sphygmomanometers. Arlington (VA): Association for the advancement of medical instrumentation (1993)

  12. O’Brien E, Petrie J, Littler W, de Swiet M, Padfield PL, O’Malley K, Jamieson M, Altman D, Bland M, Atkins N. The British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of automated and semi-automated blood pressure measuring devices with special reference to ambulatory systems. J Hypertens. 1990;8:607–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005;45:142–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Padfield P, Palatini P, Parati G, Pickering T, Redon J, Staessen J, Stergiou G, Verdecchia P. Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2005;23:697–701.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations: the scientific summary-an annual update. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23:521–7.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Bilo G, de Leeuw P, Imai Y, Kario K, Lurbe E, Manolis A, Mengden T, O’Brien E, Ohkubo T, Padfield P, Palatini P, Pickering T, Redon J, Revera M, Ruilope LM, Shennan A, Staessen JA, Tisler A, Waeber B, Zanchetti A, Mancia G. European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1505–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HA, Zanchetti A, Vahanian A, Camm J, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Erdine S, Kiowski W, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Lindholm LH, Viigimaa M, Adamopoulos S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Bertomeu V, Clement D, Erdine S, Farsang C, Gaita D, Lip G, Mallion JM, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, O’Brien E, Ponikowski P, Redon J, Ruschitzka F, Tamargo J, van Zwieten P, Waeber B, Williams B. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European society of hypertension (ESH) and of the European society of cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25:1105–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pickering TG, Miller NH, Ogedegbe G, Krakoff LR, Artinian NT, Goff D. Call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring: a joint scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American Society of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. Hypertension. 2008;52:10–29.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, Sever PS, McG Thom S. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18:139–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ. The Seventh Report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ogihara T, Kikuchi K, Matsuoka H, Fujita T, Higaki J, Horiuchi M, Imai Y, Imaizumi T, Ito S, Iwao H, Kario K, Kawano Y, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Kimura G, Matsubara H, Matsuura H, Naruse M, Saito I, Shimada K, Shimamoto K, Suzuki H, Takishita S, Tanahashi N, Tsuchihashi T, Uchiyama M, Ueda S, Ueshima H, Umemura S, Ishimitsu T, Rakugi H. The Japanese society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens Res. 2009;32:3–107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kawabe H, Saito I. Which measurement of home blood pressure should be used for clinical evaluation when multiple measurements are made? J Hypertens. 2007;25:1369–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kawabe H, Saito I. Correlation of repeated measurements of home blood pressure on one occasion and diagnosis of hypertension: study by measurement over seven consecutive days. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2008;30:79–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. van der Hoeven NV, van den Born BJ, Cammenga M, van Montfrans GA. Poor adherence to home blood pressure measurement schedule. J Hypertens. 2009;27:275–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Kato J, Kikuchi N, Nishiyama A, Aihara A, Sekino M, Kikuya M, Ito S, Satoh H, Hisamichi S. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama Japan. J Hypertens. 1998;16:971–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Johansson JK, Niiranen TJ, Puukka PJ, Jula AM. Optimal schedule for home blood pressure monitoring based on a clinical approach. J Hypertens. 2010;28:259–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Niiranen TJ, Johansson JK, Reunanen A, Jula AM. Optimal schedule for home blood pressure measurement based on prognostic data: the Finn-Home Study. Hypertension. 2011;57:1081–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Stergiou GS, Nasothimiou EG, Kalogeropoulos PG, Pantazis N, Baibas NM. The optimal home blood pressure monitoring schedule based on the Didima outcome study. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24:158–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Imai Y, Obara T, Ohkubo T. How many times should we ask subjects to measure blood pressure at home on each occasion? J Hypertens. 2007;25:1987–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mancia G, Sega R, Bravi C, De Vito G, Valagussa F, Cesana G, Zanchetti A. Ambulatory blood pressure normality: results from the PAMELA study. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1377–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mancia G, Parati G. Clinical significance of “white coat” hypertension. Hypertension. 1990;16:624–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Imai Y, Satoh H, Nagai K, Sakuma M, Sakuma H, Minami N, Munakata M, Hashimoto J, Yamagishi T, Watanabe N, Yabe T, Nishiyama A, Nakatsuka H, Koyam H, Abe K. Characteristics of a community-based distribution of home blood pressure in Ohasama in northern Japan. J Hypertens. 1993;11:1441–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Julius S, Mejia A, Jones K, Krause L, Schork N, van de Ven C, Johnson E, Petrin J, Sekkarie MA, Kjeldsen SE, Schmouder R, Gupta R, Rerraro J, Nazzaro P, Weissfeld J. “White coat” versus “sustained”borderline hypertension in Tecumseh Michigan. Hypertension. 1990;16:617–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413–2446

    Google Scholar 

  35. European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European society of cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1011–53.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Guidelines Subcommittee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 1999;17:151–83.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Tsuji I, Imai Y, Nagai K, Ohkubo T, Watanabe N, Minami N, Itoh O, Bando T, Sakuma M, Fukao A, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Abe K. Proposal of reference values for home blood pressure measurement: prognostic criteria based on a prospective observation of the general population in Ohasama Japan. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:409–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Sakuma M, Tsuji II, Satoh H, Nagai K, Hisamichi S, Abe K. Predictive power of screening blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure and blood pressure measured at home for overall and cardiovascular mortality: a prospective observation in a cohort from Ohasama, northern Japan. Blood Press Monit. 1996;1:251–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Japanese Society of Hypertension. Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2004). Hypertens Res. 2006;29:S1–105.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Niiranen TJ, Asayama K, Thijs L, Johansson JK, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Boggia J, Hozawa A, Sandoya E, Stergiou GS, Tsuji I, Jula AM, Imai Y, Staessen JA, International Database of Home blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome Investigators. Outcome-driven thresholds for home blood pressure measurement: international database of home blood pressure in relation to cardiovascular outcome. Hypertension. 2013;61:27–34.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Mazze RS, Simonson GD, Robinson RL, Kendall DM, Idrogo MA, Adlis SA, Boyce KS, Dunne CJ, Anderson RL, Bergenstal RM. Characterizing blood pressure control in individuals with Type 2 diabetes: the relationship between clinic and self-monitored blood pressure. Diabet Med. 2003;20:752–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Richart T, Boggia J, Adiyaman A, Dechering DG, Kuznetsova T, Thien T, de Leeuw P, Imai Y, O’brien E, Parati G. Thirty years of research on diagnostic and therapeutic thresholds for the self-measured blood pressure at home. Blood Press Monit. 2008;13:352–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Metoki H, Obara T, Inoue R, Kikuya M, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Imai Y. Hypertension objective treatment based on measurement by electrical devices of blood pressure (HOMED-BP). Cardiovascular outcomes in the first trial of antihypertensive therapy guided by self-measured home blood pressure. Hypertens Res. 2012;35:1102–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Noguchi Y, Asayama K, Staessen JA et al. Predictive power of home blood pressure and clinic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes. J Hypertens. 2013;31 (in press)

  45. Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Burnier M, Caulfield MJ, Cifkova R, Clément D, Coca A, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Fagard R, Farsang C, Grassi G, Haller H, Heagerty A, Kjeldsen SE, Kiowski W, Mallion JM, Manolis A, Narkiewicz K, Nilsson P, Olsen MH, Rahn KH, Redon J, Rodicio J, Ruilope L, Schmieder RE, Struijker-Boudier HA, van Zwieten PA, Viigimaa M, Zanchetti A, European Society of Hypertension. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European society of hypertension task force document. J Hypertens. 2009;27:2121–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Cesana G, Corrao G, Grassi G, Mancia G. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation. 2005;111:1777–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Grassi G, Sega R. Long-term risk of mortality associated with selective and combined elevation in office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension. 2006;47:846–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fagard RH, Van Den Broeke C, De Cort P. Prognostic significance of blood pressure measured in the office, at home and during ambulatory monitoring in older patients in general practice. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19:801–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Ohasama Study. How many times should blood pressure be measured at home for better prediction of stroke risk? Ten-year follow-up results from the Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1099–104.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prediction of stroke by self-measurement of blood pressure at home versus casual screening blood pressure measurement in relation to the Joint National Committee 7 classification: the Ohasama study. Stroke. 2004;35:2356–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Nagai K, et al. Prognosis of isolated systolic and isolated diastolic hypertension as assessed by self-measurement of blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3301–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Obara T, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Use of 2003 European Society of Hypertension–European Society of Cardiology guidelines for predicting stroke using self-measured blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2026–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Niiranen TJ, Hänninen MR, Johansson J, Reunanen A, Jula AM. Home-measured blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than office blood pressure: the Finn-Home study. Hypertension. 2010;55:1346–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Yasui D, Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Kanno A, Hara A, Hirose T, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Stroke risk in treated hypertension based on home blood pressure: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23:508–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, Clerson P, Vaur L, Vaisse B, Menard J, Mallion JM. Cardiovascular prognosis of “masked hypertension” detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA. 2004;291:1342–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gaborieau V, Delarche N, Gosse P. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus self-measurement of blood pressure at home: correlation with target organ damage. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1919–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Stergiou GS, Argyraki KK, Moyssakis I, Mastorantonakis SE, Achimastos AD, Karamanos VG, Roussias LG. Home blood pressure is as reliable as ambulatory blood pressure in predicting target-organ damage in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:616–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Shimbo D, Pickering TG, Spruill TM, Abraham D, Schwartz JE, Gerin W. Relative utility of home, ambulatory, and office blood pressures in the prediction of end-organ damage. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:476–82.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Mancia G, Zanchetti A, Agabiti-Rosei E, Benemio G, De Cesaris R, Fogari R, Pessina A, Porcellati C, Rappelli A, Salvetti A, Trimarco B. Ambulatory blood pressure is superior to clinic blood pressure in predicting treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 1997;95:1464–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Leary AC, Donnan PT, MacDonald TM, Murphy MB. The white-coat effect is associated with increased blood pressure reactivity to physical activity. Blood Press Monit. 2002;7:209–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kikuya M, Hozawa A, Ohokubo T, Tsuji I, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Ota M, Nagai K, Araki T, Satoh H, Ito S, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Prognostic significance of blood pressure and heart rate variabilities: the Ohasama study. Hypertension. 2000;36:901–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gattobigio R, Rapicetta C, Reboldi G. Impact of blood pressure variability on cardiac and cerebrovascular complications in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:154–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE, Shimada K, Kario K. Night time blood pressure variability is a strong predictor for cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:46–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Metoki H, Asayama K, Hara A, Obara T, Inoue R, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Day-by-day variability of blood pressure and heart rate at home as a novel predictor of prognosis: the Ohasama study. Hypertension. 2008;52:1045–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Parati G, Bilo G. Clinical relevance of day-by-day blood pressure and heart rate variability: new information from home self-measurements. Hypertension. 2008;52:1006–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Asayama K, Kikuya M, Schutte R, Thijs L, Hosaka M, Satoh M, Hara A, Obara T, Inoue R, Metoki H, Hirose T, Ohkubo T, Staessen JA, Imai Y. Home blood pressure variability as cardiovascular risk factor in the population of Ohasama. Hypertension. 2013;61:61–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Ugajin T, Yamaguchi J, Asayama K, Metoki H, Ohmori K, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Satoh H, Tsuji I, Imai Y. Prognostic value of home heart rate for cardiovascular mortality in the general population: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:1005–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Vaur L, Dubroca I, Dutrey-Dupagne C, et al. Superiority of home blood pressure measurements over office measurements for testing antihypertensive drugs. Blood Press Monit. 1998;3:107–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ragot S, Genès N, Vaur L, Herpin D. Comparison of three blood pressure measurement methods for the evaluation of two antihypertensive drugs: feasibility, agreement, and reproducibility of blood pressure response. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13:632–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Tsuji I, Matsubara M, Araki T, Chonan K, Kikuya M, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Nagai K. Usefulness of home blood pressure measurements in assessing the effect of treatment in a single-blind placebo-controlled open trial. J Hypertens. 2001;19:179–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ménard J, Chatellier G, Day M, Vaur L. Self-measurement of blood pressure at home to evaluate drug effects by the trough: peak ratio. J Hypertens. 1994;12:S21–5.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Stergiou GS, Efstathiou SP, Skeva II, Baibas NM, Roussias LG, Mountokalakis TD. Comparison of the smoothness index, the through : peak ratio and the morning : evening ratio in assessing the features of the antihypertensive drug effect. J Hypertens. 2003;21:913–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Omboni S, Fogari R, Palatini P, Rappelli A, Mancia G. Reproducibility and clinical value of the trough-to-peak ratio of the antihypertensive effect: evidence from the sample study. Hypertension. 1998;32:424–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hashimoto J, Chonan K, Aoki Y, Ugajin T, Yamaguchi J, Nishimura T, Kikuya M, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Araki T, Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Imai Y. Therapeutic effects of evening administration of guanabenz and clonidine on morning hypertension: evaluation using home-based blood pressure measurements. J Hypertens. 2003;21:805–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rogers MA, Small D, Buchan DA, Butch CA, Stewart CM, Krenzer BE, Husovsky HL. Home monitoring service improves mean arterial pressure in patients with essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1024–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Møller DS, Dideriksen A, Sørensen S, Madsen LD, Pedersen EB. Accuracy of telemedical home blood pressure measurement in the diagnosis of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17:549–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Rudd P, Miller NH, Kaufman J, et al. Nurse management for hypertension A systems approach. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:921–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Logan AG, McIsaac WJ, Tisler A, Irvine MJ, Saunders A, Dunai A, Rizo CA, Feig DS, Hamill M, Trudel M, Cafazzo JA. Mobile phone-based remote patient monitoring system for management of hypertension in diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:942–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Parati G, Pickering TG. Home blood-pressure monitoring: US and European consensus. Lancet. 2009;373:876–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Nakamoto H, Nishida E, Ryuzaki M, Sone M, Suzuki H, Yoshimoto M, Itagaki K. Effect of telmisartan and amlodipine on home blood pressure by monitoring newly developed telemedicine system: monitoring test by using telemedicine. Telmisartans effect on home blood pressure (TelTelbosu). Clin Exp Hypertens. 2008;30:57–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Verberk WJ, Kroon AA, Lenders JW, Kessels AG, van Montfrans GA, Smit AJ, van der Kuy PH, Nelemans PJ, Rennenberg RJ, Grobbee DE, Beltman FW, Joore MA, Brunenberg DE, Dirksen C, Thien T, de Leeuw PW, Home Versus Office Measurement, Reduction of Unnecessary Treatment Study Investigators. Self-measurement of blood pressure at home reduces the need for antihypertensive drugs: a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension. 2007;50:1019–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ryuzaki M, Nakamoto H, Nishida E, Sone M, Nakajima S, Yoshimoto M, Suzuki Y, Itagaki K. Crossover study of amlodipine versus nifedipine CR with home blood pressure monitoring via cellular phone: internet-mediated open-label crossover trial of calcium channel blockers for hypertension (i-TECHO trial). J Hypertens. 2007;25:2352–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Green BB, Cook AJ, Ralston JD, Fishman PA, Catz SL, Carlson J, Carrell D, Tyll L, Larson EB, Thompson RS. Effectiveness of home blood pressure monitoring, Web communication, and pharmacist care on hypertension control: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:2857–67.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Parati G, Omboni S, Albini F, Piantoni L, Giuliano A, Revera M, Illyes M, Mancia G, TeleBPCare Study Group. Home blood pressure telemonitoring improves hypertension control in general practice. The TeleBPCare study. J Hypertens. 2009;27:198–203.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. McManus RJ, Mant J, Bray EP, Holder R, Jones MI, Greenfield S, Kaambwa B, Banting M, Bryan S, Little P, Williams B, Hobbs FD. Telemonitoring and self-management in the control of hypertension (TASMINH2): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:163–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Halme L, Vesalainen R, Kaaja M, Kantola I. HOme MEasuRement of blood pressure study group. Self-monitoring of blood pressure promotes achievement of blood pressure target in primary health care. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:1415–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Forbes L, Donald A. Blood pressure control by home monitoring: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2004;329:145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Zarnke KB, Feagan BG, Mahon JL, Feldman RD. A randomized study comparing a patient-directed hypertension management strategy with usual office-based care. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:58–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Canzanello VJ, Jensen PL, Hunder I. Rapid adjustment of antihypertensive drugs produces a durable improvement in blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14:345–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V, Salerno M, Valerio C, Severgnini B, Catini E, Leonetti G, Magrini F, Zanchetti A. Home blood pressure measurement and its relationship with blood pressure control in a large selected hypertensive population. J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18:725–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Staessen JA, Den Hond E, Celis H, Fagard R, Keary L, Vandenhoven G, O’Brien ET, Treatment of Hypertension Based on Home or Office Blood Pressure (THOP) Trial Investigators. Antihypertensive treatment based on blood pressure measurement at home or in the physician’s office: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:955–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bosworth HB, Olsen MK, Grubber JM, Neary AM, Orr MM, Powers BJ, Adams MB, Svetkey LP, Reed SD, Li Y, Dolor RJ, Oddone EZ. Two self-management interventions to improve hypertension control: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:687–95.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Hozawa A, Shimazu T, Kuriyama S, Tsuji I. Benefit of home blood pressure measurement after a finding of high blood pressure at a community screening. J Hypertens. 2006;24:1265–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ashida T, Yokoyama S, Ebihara A, Sugiyama T, Fujii J. Profiles of patients who control the doses of their antihypertensive drugs by self-monitoring of home blood pressure. Hypertens Res. 2001;24:203–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bobrie G, Postel-Vinay N, Delonca J, Corvol P, SETHI Investigators. Self-measurement and self-titration in hypertension: a pilot telemedicine study. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:1314–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ogedegbe G, Schoenthaler A. A systematic review of the effects of home blood pressure monitoring on medication adherence. J Clin Hypertens. (Greenwich). 2006;8:174–80.

    Google Scholar 

  97. van Onzenoort HA, Verberk WJ, Kroon AA, Kessels AG, Nelemans PJ, van der Kuy PH, Neef C, de Leeuw PW. Effect of self-measurement of blood pressure on adherence to treatment in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. J Hypertens. 2010;28:622–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kim J, Han HR, Song H, Lee J, Kim KB, Kim MT. Compliance with home blood pressure monitoring among middle-aged Korean Americans with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. (Greenwich). 2010;12:253–60.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Saito I, Nomura M, Hirose H, Kawabe H. Use of home blood pressure monitoring and exercise, diet and medication compliance in Japan. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010;32:210–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Imai Y, Munakata M, Tsuji I, Ohkubo T, Satoh H, Yoshino H, Watanabe N, Nishiyama A, Onodera N, Kato J, Sekino M, Aihara A, Kasai Y, Abe K. Seasonal variation in blood pressure in normotensive women studied by home measurements. Clin Sci. (Lond). 1996;90:55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Minami J, Ishimitsu T, Kawano Y, Matsuoka H. Seasonal variations in office and home blood pressures in hypertensive patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. Blood Press Monit. 1998;3:101–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Rave K, Bender R, Heise T, Sawicki PT. Value of blood pressure self-monitoring as a predictor of progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Hypertens. 1999;17:597–601.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Iwabu A, Konishi K, Tokutake H, Yamane S, Ohnishi H, Tominaga Y, Kusachi S. Inverse correlation between seasonal changes in home blood pressure and atmospheric temperature in treated-hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010;32:221–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Kimura T, Senda S, Masugata H, Yamagami A, Okuyama H, Kohno T, Hirao T, Fukunaga M, Okada H, Goda F. Seasonal blood pressure variation and its relationship to environmental temperature in healthy elderly Japanese studied by home measurements. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010;32:8–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Watanabe Y, Nishimura M, Sato Y, Kawaguchi M, Hara A, Hirose T, Obara T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Yagihashi K, Matsubara Y, Okamura K, Mori S, Suzuki M, Imai Y, BOSHI Study Group. Seasonal trends of blood pressure during pregnancy in Japan: the babies and their parents’ longitudinal observation in Suzuki Memorial Hospital in Intrauterine Period study. J Hypertens. 2008;26:2406–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, Suzuki K, Fukushima N, Hara A, Asayama K, Satoh H, Tsubono Y, Imai Y. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the Ohasama study. J Hum Hypertens. 2011;25:164–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Nagatomi R, Fujita K, Sauvaget C, Watanabe Y, Anzai Y, Tamagawa A, Tsuji I, Imai Y, Ohmori H, Hisamichi S. Effects of exercise training on home blood pressure values in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1045–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Seki M, Inoue R, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Hara A, Metoki H, Hirose T, Tsubota-Utsugi M, Asayama K, Kanno A, Obara T, Hoshi H, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Association of environmental tobacco smoke exposure with elevated home blood pressure in Japanese women: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1814–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Watanabe Y, Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Hirose T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Inoue R, Hara A, Obara T, Hoshi H, Totsune K, Imai Y. Parental longevity and offspring’s home blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 2010;28:272–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Watanabe Y, Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Katsuya T, Tabara Y, Kikuya M, Hirose T, Sugimoto K, Asayama K, Inoue R, Hara A, Obara T, Nakura J, Kohara K, Totsune K, Ogihara T, Rakugi H, Miki T, Imai Y. Accumulation of common polymorphisms is associated with development of hypertension: a 12-year follow-up from the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res. 2010;33:129–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Padmanabhan S, Menni C, Lee WK, Laing S, Brambilla P, Sega R, Perego R, Grassi G, Cesana G, Delles C, Mancia G, Dominiczak AF. The effects of sex and method of blood pressure measurement on genetic associations with blood pressure in the PAMELA study. J Hypertens. 2010;28:465–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ugajin T, Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Obara T, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Tsuji I, Imai Y. White-coat hypertension as a risk factor for the development of home hypertension: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 1651541–6.

  113. Mancia G, Bombelli M, Facchetti R, Madotto F, Quarti-Trevano F, Polo Friz H, Grassi G, Sega R. Long-term risk of sustained hypertension in white-coat or masked hypertension. Hypertension. 2009;54:226–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Sega R, Trocino G, Lanzarotti A, Carugo S, Cesana G, Schiavina R, Valagussa F, Bombelli M, Giannattasio C, Zanchetti A, Mancia G. Alterations of cardiac structure in patients with isolated office, ambulatory, or home hypertension: data from the general population (Pressione Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni [PAMELA] Study). Circulation. 2001;104:1385–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Yamaguchi J, Ohmori K, Fujiwara T, Hashimoto J, Matsubar M, Kitaoka H, Nagai K, Tsuji I, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Blood pressure control assessed by home, ambulatory and conventional blood pressure measurements in the Japanese general population: the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res. 2002;25:57–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Niiranen TJ, Jula AM, Kantola IM, Reunanen A. Prevalence and determinants of isolated clinic hypertension in the Finnish population: the Finn-HOME study. J Hypertens. 2006;24:463–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Shimada K, Fujita T, Ito S, Naritomi H, Ogihara T, Shimamoto K, Tanaka H, Yoshiike N. The importance of home blood pressure measurement for preventing stroke and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients: a sub-analysis of the Japan Hypertension Evaluation with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Therapy (J-HEALTH) study, a prospective nationwide observational study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:1903–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Obara T, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Metoki H, Inoue R, Oikawa T, Komai R, Murai K, Horikawa T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y, J-HOME Study Group. Prevalence of masked uncontrolled and treated white-coat hypertension defined according to the average of morning and evening home blood pressure value: from the Japan Home versus Office Measurement Evaluation Study. Blood Press Monit. 2005;10:311–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Bobrie G, Genès N, Vaur L, Clerson P, Vaisse B, Mallion JM, Chatellier G. Is “isolated home” hypertension as opposed to “isolated office” hypertension a sign of greater cardiovascular risk? Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2205–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Watanabe N, Minami N, Kato J, Kikuchi N, Nishiyama A, Aihara A, Sekino M, Satoh H, Hisamichi S. Relation between nocturnal decline in blood pressure and mortality. The Ohasama Study. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:1201–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, Hoshide S, Hoshide Y, Morinari M, Murata M, Kuroda T, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation. 2003;107:1401–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Chonan K, Hashimoto J, Ohkubo T, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Kikuya M, Hozawa A, Matsubara M, Suzuki M, Fujiwara T, Araki T, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Insufficient duration of action of antihypertensive drugs mediates high blood pressure in the morning in hypertensive population: the Ohasama study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2002;24:261–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Asayama K, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prognosis of “masked” hypertension and “white-coat” hypertension detected by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 10-year follow-up from the Ohasama study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:508–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Obara T, Ohkubo T, Funahashi J, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Metoki H, Oikawa T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y. Isolated uncontrolled hypertension at home and in the office among treated hypertensive patients from the J-HOME study. J Hypertens. 2005;23:1653–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Kawabe H, Saito I, Saruta T. Status of home blood pressure measured in morning and evening: evaluation in normotensives and hypertensives in Japanese urban population. Hypertens Res. 2005;28:491–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prognostic significance for stroke of a morning pressor surge and a nocturnal blood pressure decline: the Ohasama study. Hypertension. 2006;47:149–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Kamoi K, Miyakoshi M, Soda S, Kaneko S, Nakagawa O. Usefulness of home blood pressure measurement in the morning in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:2218–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Hara A, Hirose T, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prediction of stroke by home “morning” versus “evening” blood pressure values: the Ohasama study. Hypertension. 2006;48:737–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kario K, Ishikawa J, Pickering TG, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Morinari M, Hoshide Y, Kuroda T, Shimada K. Morning hypertension: the strongest independent risk factor for stroke in elderly hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. 2006;29:581–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Imai Y, Nishiyama A, Sekino M, Aihara A, Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Matsubara M, Hozawa A, Tsuji I, Ito S, Satoh H, Nagai K, Hisamichi S. Characteristics of blood pressure measured at home in the morning and in the evening: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 1999;17:889–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kawabe H, Saito I. Determinants of exaggerated difference in morning and evening home blood pressure in Japanese normotensives. Hypertens Res. 2009;32:1028–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Obara T, Ito K, Ohkubo T, Shibamiya T, Shinki T, Nakashita M, Hara A, Metoki H, Inoue R, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Mano N, Imai Y, J-HOME Study Group. Uncontrolled hypertension based on morning and evening home blood pressure measurements from the J-HOME study. Hypertens Res. 2009;32:1072–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Ishikawa J, Kario K, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Morinari M, Kaneda R, Umeda Y, Ishikawa S, Kuroda T, Hojo Y, Shimada K, J-MORE Study Group. Determinants of exaggerated difference in morning and evening blood pressure measured by self-measured blood pressure monitoring in medicated hypertensive patients: Jichi Morning Hypertension Research (J-MORE) Study. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:958–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Matsui Y, Eguchi K, Shibasaki S, Shimizu M, Ishikawa J, Shimada K, Kario K. Association between the morning–evening difference in home blood pressure and cardiac damage in untreated hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2009;27:712–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Shibuya Y, Ikeda T, Gomi T. Morning rise of blood pressure assessed by home blood pressure monitoring is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients receiving long-term antihypertensive medication. Hypertens Res. 2007;30:903–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Nishinaga M, Takata J, Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Ozawa T, Doi Y. High morning home blood pressure is associated with a loss of functional independence in the community-dwelling elderly aged 75 years or older. Hypertens Res. 2005;28:657–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Shibamiya T, Obara T, Ohkubo T, Shinki T, Ishikura K, Yoshida M, Satoh M, Hashimoto T, Hara A, Metoki H, Inoue R, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Imai Y, J-HOME-Elderly study group. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and home blood pressure in treated elderly hypertensive patients: Japan home versus office blood pressure measurement evaluation in the elderly (J-HOME-Elderly) study. Hypertens Res. 2010;33:670–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Hara A, Hirose T, Yasui D, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Kikuya M, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Repeated evening home blood pressure measurement improves prognostic significance for stroke: a 12-year follow-up of the Ohasama study. Blood Press Monit. 2009;14:93–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Niiranen TJ, Jula AM, Kantola IM, Reunanen A. Comparison of agreement between clinic and home-measured blood pressure in the Finnish population: the Finn-HOME Study. J Hypertens. 2006;24:1549–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Chonan K, Kikuya M, Araki T, Fujiwara T, Suzuki M, Michimata M, Hashimoto J, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamamoto N, Miyawaki Y, Matsubara M, Imai Y. Device for the self-measurement of blood pressure that can monitor blood pressure during sleep. Blood Press Monit. 2001;6:203–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Hosohata K, Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Metoki H, Asayama K, Inoue R, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Reproducibility of nocturnal blood pressure assessed by self-measurement of blood pressure at home. Hypertens Res. 2007;30:707–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kario K, Hoshide S, Shimizu M, Yano Y, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, Shimada K. Effect of dosing time of angiotensin II receptor blockade titrated by self-measured blood pressure recordings on cardiorenal protection in hypertensives: the Japan Morning Surge–Target Organ Protection (J-TOP) study. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1574–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Stergiou GS, Tzamouranis D, Nasothimiou EG, Karpettas N, Protogerou A. Are there really differences between home and daytime ambulatory blood pressure? Comparison using a novel dual-mode ambulatory and home monitor. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24:207–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Nakano H, Kikuya M, Hara A, Nakashita M, Hirose T, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Totsune K, Imai Y. Self-monitoring of ambulatory blood pressure by the Microlife WatchBP O3—an application test. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2011;33:34–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Battistelli M, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Zampi I, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G. Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1994;24:793–801.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Shimada K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K, Ozawa T. Silent cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. Correlation with ambulatory pressure. Hypertension. 1990;16:692–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Benemio G, Boldrini F, Porcellati C. Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1990;81:528–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, Kikuya M, Ohmori K, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Hashimoto J, Hoshi H, Araki T, Tsuji I, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 2002;20:2183–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, O’Brien ET, Clement D, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Nachev C, Palatini P, Parati G, Tuomilehto J, Webster J, Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. JAMA. 1999;282:539–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Boggia J, Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Björklund-Bodegård K, Richart T, Ohkubo T, Kuznetsova T, Torp-Pedersen C, Lind L, Ibsen H, Imai Y, Wang J, Sandoya E, O’Brien E, Staessen JA, International Database on Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes (IDACO) investigators. Prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: a cohort study. Lancet. 2007;370:1219–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Terawaki H, Metoki H, Nakayama M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Inoue R, Hoshi H, Ito S, Imai Y. Masked hypertension determined by self-measured blood pressure at home and chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population: the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:2129–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Agarwal R, Andersen MJ, Bishu K, Saha C. Home blood pressure monitoring improves the diagnosis of hypertension in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2006;69:900–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. da Silva GV, de Barros S, Abensur H, Ortega KC, Mion D Jr. Cochrane Renal Group Prospective Trial Register: CRG060800146. Home blood pressure monitoring in blood pressure control among haemodialysis patients: an open randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3805–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Agarwal R. Managing hypertension using home blood pressure monitoring among haemodialysis patients—a call to action. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:1766–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Working Party of the International Diabetes Federation (European Region). Hypertension in people with Type 2 diabetes: knowledge-based diabetes-specific guidelines. Diabet Med. 2003;20:972–87.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Obara T, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, J-HOME Study Group, et al. The current status of home and office blood pressure control among hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus: the Japan Home versus office blood pressure measurement evaluation (J-HOME) study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;73:276–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Ushigome E, Fukui M, Sakabe K, Tanaka M, Inada S, Omoto A, Tanaka T, Fukuda W, Atsuta H, Ohnishi M, Mogami S, Kitagawa Y, Oda Y, Yamazaki M, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N. Uncontrolled home blood pressure in the morning is associated with nephropathy in Japanese type 2 diabetes. Heart Vessels. 2011;26:609–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Shea S, Weinstock RS, Starren J, Teresi J, Palmas W, Field L, Morin P, Goland R, Izquierdo RE, Wolff LT, Ashraf M, Hilliman C, Silver S, Meyer S, Holmes D, Petkova E, Capps L, Lantigua RA. A randomized trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care in older, ethnically diverse, medically underserved patients with diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13:40–51.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Pickering TG. Reflections in hypertension. How should blood pressure be measured during pregnancy? J Clin Hypertens. (Greenwich). 2005;7:46–9.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Denolle T, Weber JL, Calvez C, Getin Y, Daniel JC, Lurton O, Cheve MT, Marechaud M, Bessec P, Carbonne B, Razafintsalama T. Diagnosis of white coat hypertension in pregnant women with teletransmitted home blood pressure. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2008;27:305–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Rey E, Morin F, Boudreault J, Pilon F, Vincent D, Ouellet D. Blood pressure assessments in different subtypes of hypertensive pregnant women: office versus home patient- or nurse-measured blood pressure. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2009;28:168–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Stergiou GS, Nasothimiou E, Giovas P, Kapoyiannis A, Vazeou A. Diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents based on home versus ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1556–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Furusawa EA, Filho UD, Koch VH. Home blood pressure monitoring in paediatric chronic hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23:464–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Krakoff LR. Cost-effectiveness of ambulatory blood pressure: a reanalysis. Hypertension. 2006;47:29–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. McGrath BP, National Blood Pressure Advisory Committee of the National Heart Foundation of Australia. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Med J Aust. 2002;176:588–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Rickerby J. The role of home blood pressure measurement in managing hypertension: an evidence-based review. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;6:469–72.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Funahashi J, Ohkubo T, Fukunaga H, Kikuya M, Takada N, Asayama K, Metoki H, Obara T, Inoue R, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Kobayashi M, Imai Y. The economic impact of the introduction of home blood pressure measurement for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2006;11:257–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Fukunaga H, Ohkubo T, Kobayashi M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the introduction of home blood pressure measurement in patients with office hypertension. J Hypertens. 2008;26:685–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Hypertension: clinical measurement of primary hypertension in adults Update). (Clinical guideline 127) 2011.

  170. Lovibond K, Jowett S, Barton P, Caulfield M, Heneghan C, Hobbs FD, Hodgkinson J, Mant J, Martin U, Williams B, Wonderling D, McManus RJ. Cost-effectiveness of options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a modelling study. Lancet. 2011;378:1219–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Thijs L, Staessen JA, Celis H, Fagard R, De Cort P, de Gaudemaris R, Enström I, Imai Y, Julius S, Ménard J, Mion D, Palatini P, Rosenfeld J, Shapiro D, Spence D, Stergiou G. The international database of self-recorded blood pressures in normotensive and untreated hypertensive subjects. Blood Press Monit. 1999;4:77–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacy Educational and Research Building, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan

    Yutaka Imai

Authors
  1. Yutaka Imai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yutaka Imai.

About this article

Cite this article

Imai, Y. Clinical significance of home blood pressure and its possible practical application. Clin Exp Nephrol 18, 24–40 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-013-0831-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-013-0831-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation