Abstract
The effect of delaying female mating on population growth in codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)) was found to act on a physiological time (degree-day) basis and was predictable using a simple quadratic equation. When combined with previous work on degree-day based mortality, we were able to evaluate how the magnitude of population reduction and survival varied between sites, years, and generations at locations in California, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Washington states. In general, reductions in population growth associated with females mating 1–3 days after emergence were greater in warmer areas and during warmer times of the year. In any given year and location, the temperature profiles during peak flight were crucial in determining the population reductions, but over an 11-year period, the average seasonal temperature profile was more important. During the overwintering generation, conditions were relatively mild in all locations and only minor differences were observed in population growth rates between locations. Populations experiencing 1–3 days delay in female mating were reduced 8, 19 and 32 % compared to populations experiencing no delay, respectively. During the first summer generation, population reductions doubled compared to those seen in the overwintering generation. During the second summer flight, reductions in population growth rate at the three cooler locations decreased, while they increased in the warmer California location. Overall, the results show delayed mating can help understand how population growth is related to environmental conditions experienced naturally by insect populations and will help guide studies of the mechanisms of mating disruption, a technique used for pest suppression in agricultural and forest systems.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Ute Chambers of the Department of Entomology at Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Steve Welter and Nick Mills of the Department of Environmental Science and Policy Management at UC Berkeley for reviews of previous versions. Data contributed by Walt Bentley, UC IPM and Larry Hull, Department of Entomology, Penn State University on the flight of codling moth in Arvin and Biglerville, respectively, is gratefully appreciated. The assistance of Pauline Anderson, USDA-ARS Wapato, in providing codling moth for the experiments is greatly appreciated. This work funded by grants to VPJ from the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission.
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Jones, V.P., Wiman, N.G. Modeling the interaction of physiological time, seasonal weather patterns, and delayed mating on population dynamics of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Popul Ecol 54, 421–429 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-012-0315-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-012-0315-8