Abstract
Control of the thermal and physical damage during skull base grinding is of great importance. We assess the effects of bur material (3 materials), angle of the bur (10 angles), bur diameter (10 diameters), gas coolant (4 coolants), and grinding time (10 times) to evaluate the role of operating variables in thermal and physical damage during skull bone grinding. After validation of finite element analysis (FEA) results with experimental data, the temperature in the grinding site and axial force are calculated using FEA. The use of a diamond bur leads to at least 24.48 and 12.9% reduction in thermal and physical damage, respectively. A change in angle of the bur from 0º to 90º leads to a 19.76–31.62 times increment in axial force. An increase in bur diameter from 1 to 5.5 mm led to 10.78–14.36% and 23.43–43.90% increase in maximum temperature and axial force, respectively. However, a bur diameter between 2.5 and 4 mm could provide enough grinding force with less thermal damage. Skull base grinding with dry (D) and normal saline (NS) coolants was always accompanied with thermal damage. The results of maximum and duration of temperature, axial force, and surface defect evaluation show CO2 coolants (especially internal CO2 coolant) are the best options to decrease thermal damage. The equations of temperature and axial force were estimated by regression analysis. This may be used as a guideline for neurosurgeons to control damage during skull base grinding and can also be helpful for the programming of robot-assisted skull grinding during surgery.
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This study was generously supported by the Margaret Hackett Family Center.
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SG designed the study, collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. JD collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. DF designed the study, supervised the project, interpreted the data, and completed the final version of the manuscript. All the authors approved the final manuscript.
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All the procedures and methods performed in research involving the cadaveric studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 and its later amendments. The study design and protocol were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Functional Neurosurgery Center at the Shohada Tajrish Hospital with the ethics number 19/87–2/35. It should be noted that written informed consent was obtained from each individual who has generously donated their body for this research.
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Gholampour, S., Droessler, J. & Frim, D. The role of operating variables in improving the performance of skull base grinding. Neurosurg Rev 45, 2431–2440 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-022-01736-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-022-01736-0