Abstract
Thoracic venous injuries are predominantly attributed to traumatic and iatrogenic causes. Gunshot wounds and knife stabbings make up the vast majority of penetrating trauma whereas motor vehicle collisions are the leading cause of blunt trauma to the chest. Iatrogenic injuries, mostly from central venous catheter complications are being described in growing detail. Although these injuries are rare, they pose a diagnostic challenge as their clinical presentation does not substantially differ from that of arterial injury. Furthermore, the highly lethal nature of some of these injuries provides limited literature for review and probably underestimates their true incidence. The widespread use of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) has increased the detection rate of these lesions in hemodynamically stable patients that survive the initial traumatic event. In this article, we will discuss and illustrate various causes of injury to each vein and their supporting CT findings while briefly discussing management. The available literature will be reviewed for penetrating, blunt, and iatrogenic injuries to the vena cava, innominate, subclavian, axillary, azygos, and pulmonary veins.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mattox KL et al (1989) Five thousand seven hundred sixty cardiovascular injuries in 4459 patients. Epidemiologic evolution 1958 to 1987. Ann Surg 209(6):698–705, discussion 706-7
Creasy JD et al (1997) Overview of traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta. Radiographics 17(1):27–45
Aran S et al (2014) Applications of dual-energy CT in emergency radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 202(4):W314–24
Wall MJ, J., Tsai P, Mattox KL (2013) Heart and Thoracic Vascular Injuries, in Trauma, M.E. Mattox KL, Feliciano DV (Ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, NY
Kudsk KA, Bongard F, Lim RC Jr (1984) Determinants of survival after vena caval injury. Analysis of a 14-year experience. Arch Surg 119(9):1009–12
Barmparas G et al (2010) Pediatric vs adult vascular trauma: a National Trauma Databank review. J Pediatr Surg 45(7):1404–12
Holly BP, Steenburg SD (2011) Multidetector CT of blunt traumatic venous injuries in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Radiographics 31(5):1415–24
Chaer RA et al (2005) A case of blunt injury to the superior vena cava and right atrial appendage: mechanisms of injury and review of the literature. Injury Extra 36(8):341–345
Buckman RF et al (2001) Injuries of the inferior vena cava. Surg Clin North Am 81(6):1431–47
Moore HB, Moore EE (2014) Suprahepatic inferior vena cava injury I. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 77(3):514–5
Hauser RG et al (2010) Deaths and cardiovascular injuries due to device-assisted implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and pacemaker lead extraction. Europace 12(3):395–401
Baumgartner FJ et al (1999) Central venous injuries of the subclavian-jugular and innominate-caval confluences. Tex Heart Inst J 26(3):177–81
Senderoff E, Lutchman G, Shevde K (1987) Catheter-induced innominate vein perforation: anatomical considerations. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1(1):57–8
Wong C et al (2001) Cough in a patient with an infusion port. Chest 120(3):1031–3
Luna-Perez P, Silva A, Rodriguez-Cuevas S (1999) Venobronchial fistula following and indwelling implanted central venous access catheter for chemotherapy delivery. A case report. Rev Investig Clin 51(1):69–70
Ananian P et al (2006) Venobronchial fistula: an unusual complication of long-term central venous access. Respiration 73(5):686–9
Johnson LA et al (2005) Caval perforation with bronchial communication: a rare complication of long-term venous access. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16(8):1149–52
Bowdle A (2014) Vascular complications of central venous catheter placement: evidence-based methods for prevention and treatment. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 28(2):358–68
Samuels LE, Nyzio JB, Entwistle JW (2007) Superior vena cava rupture during balloon angioplasty and stent placement to relieve superior vena cava syndrome: a case report. Heart Surg Forum 10(1):E78–80
Bare JB et al (2008) Perforation of the superior vena cava during ECMO catheterization in two neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a cause of accidental death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 29(3):271–3
Ko SF et al (2008) Imaging of the brachiocephalic vein. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191(3):897–907
Chloroyiannis Y, Reul GJ (2004) Iatrogenic left subclavian artery-to-left brachiocephalic vein fistula: successful repair without a sternotomy. Tex Heart Inst J 31(2):172–4
Ko SF et al (2007) Left brachiocephalic vein perforation: computed tomographic features and treatment considerations. Am J Emerg Med 25(9):1051–6
Demetriades D, Asensio JA (2001) Subclavian and axillary vascular injuries. Surg Clin North Am 81(6):1357–73, xiii
Demetriades D et al (1999) Penetrating injuries to the subclavian and axillary vessels. J Am Coll Surg 188(3):290–5
Iscan S et al (2013) Isolated subclavian vein injury: a rare and high mortality case. Case Rep Vasc Med 2013:152762
Cooney DR, Kloss B (2012) Case report: delayed subclavian vein injury secondary to clavicular malunion. J Emerg Med 43(4):648–50
Iakovlev M et al (2014) Posttraumatic axillary false aneurysm after luxatio erecta of the shoulder: case report and literature review. Ann Vasc Surg. 28(5):1321 e13-8
Zanchetta M et al (2002) Endoluminal repair of axillary artery and vein rupture after reduction of shoulder dislocation. A case report. Minerva Cardioangiol 50(1):69–73
Demetriades D et al (1987) Subclavian vascular injuries. Br J Surg 74(11):1001–3
Wall MJ Jr, Mattox KL, Debakey ME (2006) Injuries to the azygous venous system. J Trauma 60(2):357–62
Endara SA et al (2010) Azygous vein laceration secondary to blunt thoraco-abdominal trauma. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 11(3):342–4
McDermott C et al (2012) Conservative management of azygous vein rupture in blunt thoracic trauma. Case Rep Crit Care 2012:147614
Sharma OP, Rawitscher RE (1999) Blunt vena azygos trauma: report of a case and review of world literature. J Trauma 46(1):192–5
Bowles BJ et al (2000) Blunt traumatic azygous vein injury diagnosed by computed tomography: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma 49(4):776–9
Nguyen LL, Gates JD (2006) Simultaneous azygous vein and aortic injury from blunt trauma: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma 61(2):444–6
Haygood TM et al (2011) Central venous line placement in the superior vena cava and the azygos vein: differentiation on posteroanterior chest radiographs. AJR Am J Roentgenol 196(4):783–7
Andrews MH and BD Chisholm (2014) Spontaneous migration of a portacath into the azygos vein with subsequent development of a tracheo-azygos fistula. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol
Haygood TM et al (2012) Migration of central lines from the superior vena cava to the azygous vein. Clin Radiol 67(1):49–54
Fang R et al (2004) Blunt avulsion of the right inferior pulmonary vein. J Trauma 56(1):191–3
Le Guyader A et al (2001) Blunt chest trauma: a right pulmonary vein rupture. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20(5):1054–6
Sancton T (1999) Death of a Princess. Did Princess Diana Have To Die?: A Case Study in French Emergency Medicine. Internet J Rescue Disaster Med. 1
Porres DV et al (2013) Learning from the pulmonary veins. Radiographics 33(4):999–1022
Lacomis JM et al (2007) CT of the pulmonary veins. J Thorac Imaging 22(1):63–76
Shroff GS et al (2014) CT imaging of complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Clin Radiol 69(1):96–102
Lacomis JM et al (2003) Multi-detector row CT of the left atrium and pulmonary veins before radio-frequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Radiographics, 2003. 23 Spec No: p. S35-48; discussion S48-50
Ravenel JG, McAdams HP (2002) Pulmonary venous infarction after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178(3):664–6
Arentz T et al (2003) Incidence of pulmonary vein stenosis 2 years after radiofrequency catheter ablation of refractory atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 24(10):963–9
Latson LA, Prieto LR (2007) Congenital and acquired pulmonary vein stenosis. Circulation 115(1):103–8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Disclosure
The authors have no financial disclosures.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haq, A.A., Restrepo, C.S., Lamus, D. et al. Thoracic venous injuries: an imaging and management overview. Emerg Radiol 23, 291–301 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-016-1386-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-016-1386-1