Abstract
This article investigates the relationship between the control situation framework, as presented by Bjørkli et al. (Cogn Technol Work 9:67–80, 2007), and observed operator action and communication in high-speed craft operation in the Norwegian Royal Navy. The reported data include two series of events during sailing in the Norwegian archipelago where uncertainty of ship position, challenges of manoeuvring and navigation strategies are addressed. The results indicate that the navigators perform actions and communicate in accordance with the key features of the control situation framework, and thus adapt to the interrelation between control possibilities and control requirements. The navigators were guided by explicit knowledge of the functional characteristics of psychical and temporal dynamics, which were actualized in manoeuvring. It indicates that the control situation framework can be used to describe the models the operators use.
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Notes
Geographical direction of movement is denoted by a three-digit number between 000 and 359 where 000 reflects true north. The numbers increases clockwise, so a straight eastward movement is a 090 course, a southbound movement is 180, and a straight westward course is 270. The course 059 reflects a northeast movement.
Marine navigation within the archipelago depends on the use of landmarks and other navigational aids, such as beacons and iron perches that are placed to mark where it is possible to sail. Only lighted landmarks are used when sailing in darkness.
SHV indicates the Norwegian Maritime Civil Guard.
Obs indicates observation room, a room below deck that, among others, contains advanced surveillance equipment.
Maximal rudder angle means that there is an upper limit to the amount of rudder angle that will lead to an increase in turn rate. If one increases the turn rate beyond the maximum, the vessel’s turn rate will not increase. Instead, the vessel will begin to shake violently, as the increased energy output from the rudder’s deflection of water is transformed. The navigators try not to exceed the maximal turn rate as this can damage the ship.
The Norwegian term, “varme tørnet”, directly translated means “heating the turn”, indicating that one prepares the system to act in a given manner, which will not require any additional time lag or additional actions on the side of the navigator.
Abbreviations
- HSC:
-
High-speed crafts
- CO:
-
Commanding officer
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The authors have no financial or otherwise conflicting interests in relation to any parts of this paper.
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Øvergård, K.I., Bjørkli, C.A., Røed, B.K. et al. Control strategies used by experienced marine navigators: observation of verbal conversations during navigation training. Cogn Tech Work 12, 163–179 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-009-0132-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-009-0132-9