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Review of strategies for minimizing bromate formation resulting from drinking water ozonation

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Abstract

Ozonation is a more attractive disinfection method than chlorine in that it can meet the current USEPA regulations. Indeed, ozone and its primary reactive products, the hydroxyl free radical (OH·) especially, are strong oxidizing agents, capable of substantial oxidation. However, ozonation can also lead to the formation of potentially harmful by-products, which can be dealt with either by removing the disinfection by-products themselves or by inhibiting their formation via precursor removal methods and process optimization techniques. This paper provides a review of ozonation and by-product formation chemistry, effective approaches toward the control of bromate formation, and bromate precursor removal technologies.

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Abbreviations

AOP:

advanced oxidation process

AOC:

assimilable organic carbon

Am Water Works Assoc:

American Water Works Association

BAC:

biologically activated carbon

BDOC:

biodegradable organic carbon

BOM:

biodegradable organic matter

CT:

product of concentration and time

D/DBPs:

disinfectant/disinfection by-products

DBPs:

disinfection by-products

DOC:

dissolved organic carbon

EBCT:

empty bed contact time

GAC:

granular activated carbon

HAA5:

five of the regulated haloacetic acids (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid)

HAAs:

haloacetic acids

HANs:

haloacetonitriles

MCLs:

maximum contaminant levels

MF:

microfiltration

MWCO:

molecular weight cutoff

NF:

nanofiltration

NOM:

natural organic matter

PAC:

powdered activated carbon

RO:

reverse osmosis

THMs:

trihalomethanes

TOBr:

total organic bromine

TOC:

total organic carbon

UF:

ultrafiltration

USEPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

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The authors thank Thomas Grosvenor for his contributions to the paper.

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  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA

    Taha F. Marhaba & Karim Bengraïne

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  1. Taha F. Marhaba
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Correspondence to Taha F. Marhaba.

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Marhaba, T.F., Bengraïne, K. Review of strategies for minimizing bromate formation resulting from drinking water ozonation. Clean Techn Environ Policy 5, 101–112 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-002-0177-4

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