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Distribution of Legionella pneumophila serogroups, monoclonal antibody subgroups and DNA sequence types in recent clinical and environmental isolates from England and Wales (2000–2008)

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Abstract

Clinical isolates of Legionella pneumophila, obtained from 167 patients, who acquired their illness in the community in England and Wales between January 2000 and March 2008, were compared with 276 environmental isolates of L. pneumophila obtained over the same period as part of the routine sampling of ‘managed’ water systems. The 443 isolates were typed by monoclonal antibody (mAb) subgrouping and the internationally standardised, seven-gene loci, sequence-based typing (SBT) scheme of the European Working Group for Legionella Infections (EWGLI). Of the clinical isolates, 97.6% were L. pneumophila serogroup (sgp) 1, compared with only 55.8% of environmental isolates (P = 0.0002); 91.6% were subgrouped as mAb3/1+ve, compared with only 8.3% of environmental isolates (P < 0.0001). The isolates were very diverse, with SBT identifying 111 sequence types (STs) (index of diversity [IOD] 0.954). Among the clinical isolates, 42 ST were seen, with one (ST47) accounting for 25.7% and three (ST47, ST37 and ST62) accounting for 46.1% of all isolates. Eighty-two STs were identified among the environmental isolates, with two (ST1 and ST79) accounting for 34.1% of these. Comparison of the STs seen among clinical and environmental isolates showed that there was very little overlap between the two populations (P < 0.0001), with common clinical strains found in the environment very infrequently: 0.4, 0.7 and 0% (ST47, ST37 and ST62, respectively), and common environmental strains rarely causing disease: 4.8 and 1.2% (ST1 and ST79, respectively). Combining phenotypic and genotypic data identified 144 phenons (IOD 0.970); 52 among clinical isolates and 101 among environmental isolates. The most abundant clinical strain, mAb ‘Allentown’ ST47, accounted for 22.8% of cases, but was only found once in the environment. Conversely, mAb ‘Oxford/OLDA’ ST1 was the most common environmental strain (17.0%), but only caused two infections. A review of the published data shows that mAb ‘Allentown’ ST47 is also an important cause of infection in France and possibly in the Netherlands. However, it was not found in a large study of German clinical isolates. This study confirms previous work showing that just a few strains of L. pneumophila cause the majority of community-acquired Legionella infection in England and Wales, and that these clinically significant strains are only rarely found in managed water systems. These data suggest that knowing which particular strain is present in an environment might be at least as important as knowing the quantity in which legionellae are present.

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Notes

  1. Regions are NUTS UK Level 1, see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nuts/pngmaps/eu1.png

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Paul McDermott (Health and Safety Executive) for his enthusiastic support and helpful discussions throughout the project. We are particularly indebted to Greg Davies (EMS), Mark Hichens (GR Micro), Gary Hogben (Feedwater) and the staff of HPA FWE Laboratories for generously providing the environmental isolates and water-testing data; to all our microbiologist colleagues in England and Wales for the clinical samples/isolates; to Jürgen Helbig who made the ‘Dresden panel’ mAbs available to us; to Eve Arnold (HPA Statistics, Modelling and Bioinformatics Department) who provided statistical advice and figures; and to Chantal Palepou, Teresa Stocki and Falguni Naik from the Respiratory and Systemic Infection Department for their technical help and for retrieving the epidemiological data. This study was part-funded by a grant from the Health and Safety Executive (JN3084). Preliminary data from this study were presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the European Working Group for Legionella Infections (Madrid, Spain, May 2008).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Respiratory and Systemic Infections Department, HPA Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, UK

    T. G. Harrison, B. Afshar, N. Doshi & N. K. Fry

  2. Water and Environmental Microbiology Reference Unit, HPA Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, UK

    J. V. Lee

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  1. T. G. Harrison
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Correspondence to T. G. Harrison.

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Harrison, T.G., Afshar, B., Doshi, N. et al. Distribution of Legionella pneumophila serogroups, monoclonal antibody subgroups and DNA sequence types in recent clinical and environmental isolates from England and Wales (2000–2008). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28, 781–791 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-009-0705-9

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