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The Parkinson’s Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS): normative values from 268 healthy Italian individuals

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Abstract

The Parkinson’s Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS) is a cognitive screening battery that includes subtests to assess cortical and subcortical functions. It is a valid screening tool for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is recommended for diagnosing PD-MCI-Level I. Until now, no study has provided population-based norms for the Italian population. The aim of the present study was to collect normative values in a sample of Italian healthy subjects. Two hundred and sixty-eight (125 men) participants of different ages (age range 30–79 years) and educational levels (from primary school to university) underwent the PD-CRS. Regression-based norming was used to explore the influence of demographic variables (age, education level, and gender) on PD-CRS total score, frontal-subcortical and instrumental-cortical sub-scores, and score achieved on each task of the PD-CRS. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age and education significantly predicted the total score, the two sub-scores and the score on each task of the PD-CRS. No significant effect of gender was found. From the derived linear equations, a correction grid for raw scores was developed. Inferential cut-off scores, estimated using a non-parametric technique, were 71.25 for PD-CRS total score and 46.25 and 20.17 for frontal-subcortical and instrumental-cortical sub-score, respectively. Since the use of adjusted scores is more informative when they are standardized, we have converted adjusted scores into equivalent scores. The present study provides normative data for the PD-CRS, being useful and recommended by Movement Disorders Society task force to identify PD-MCI-Level I, at several stages of the disease.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Giuseppe Basile and Dr. Chiara Baiano for their contribution in collecting data in Naples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy

    Gabriella Santangelo & Mattia Siciliano

  2. Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura (IDC) “Hermitage Capodimonte”, Naples, Italy

    Gabriella Santangelo & Carmine Vitale

  3. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

    Giovanna Lagravinese

  4. Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

    Valeria Battini & Carlo Chiorri

  5. Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

    Giovanni Abbruzzese

  6. Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy

    Carmine Vitale

  7. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Section, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy

    Paolo Barone

Authors
  1. Gabriella Santangelo
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  2. Giovanna Lagravinese
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  3. Valeria Battini
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  4. Carlo Chiorri
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  5. Mattia Siciliano
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  6. Giovanni Abbruzzese
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  7. Carmine Vitale
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  8. Paolo Barone
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabriella Santangelo.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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All procedures performed in study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Santangelo, G., Lagravinese, G., Battini, V. et al. The Parkinson’s Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS): normative values from 268 healthy Italian individuals. Neurol Sci 38, 845–853 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-2844-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-2844-6

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